General General 4 min read

Unusual local laws

Ten small towns where the law gets downright weird

Image: Tingey Injury Law Firm

Ever wonder what happens when old laws never get repealed? America's small towns are treasure troves of bizarre legislation that'll make you scratch your head and chuckle. These aren't urban legends— these are real laws that somehow made it onto the books and stayed there, defying all logic and modern sensibility . So buckle up for a tour of ten small towns where following the law means navigating some seriously strange rules and regulations.

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1. Gainesville, Georgia - Chicken Capital Chaos

Image: Lucas Andrade

In Gainesville, the self-proclaimed "Poultry Capital of the World," you'd better not even think about using a fork to eat fried chicken. That's right— this town passed a law in 1961 making it illegal to consume chicken with anything other than your bare hands . The ordinance was originally a publicity stunt to promote the town's poultry industry, but it's technically still enforceable today.

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2. Wilbur, Washington - Riding Ugly Horses Prohibited

Image: Magdalena Smolnicka

The tiny town of Wilbur takes civic beauty seriously—so seriously that they've outlawed riding an ugly horse down the street . The big question, of course: who gets to decide what constitutes an ugly horse? There's no official equine beauty standard outlined in the ordinance, leaving enforcement entirely up to interpretation.

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3. Pocatello, Idaho - Smiling is Mandatory

Image: Allef Vinicius

Feeling grumpy? Don't bring that frown to Pocatello, Idaho, where a 1948 ordinance made it illegal not to smile in public . The law was passed during a time when city leaders wanted to promote a more positive, welcoming atmosphere in their community. Technically, walking around with a scowl on your face could get you in trouble with the law, though enforcement has been, shall we say, lax.

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4. Carmel, California - High Heels Require a Permit

Image: Amanda Vick

Fashionistas beware: in the upscale coastal town of Carmel-by-the-Sea, wearing high heels over two inches tall requires a permit . The law, which dates back to the 1920s, was actually created to protect the city from liability lawsuits. Carmel's charming streets are notoriously uneven and filled with quirky design features, making twisted ankles a real hazard for heel-wearers. Rather than fix the streets, city officials decided to require permits for anyone wanting to wear stilettos around town.

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5. Blythe, California - Must Own Cows

Image: Brice Cooper

In Blythe, a small desert town along the California-Arizona border, you're required by law to own at least two cows before you can wear cowboy boots in public . This head-scratching ordinance apparently aimed to prevent city slickers from appropriating authentic cowboy culture without earning the right. The logic seems to be that cowboy boots are functional workwear for actual cowboys, not a fashion statement for posers.

The reality is that nobody in Blythe enforces this law, and you'll see plenty of people strutting around in cowboy boots without a single cow to their name. The ordinance has become more of a conversation starter than actual legislation

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6. Marshalltown, Iowa - No Horse Eating Fire Hydrants

Image: Justin Meckes

Marshalltown takes fire safety seriously, which is why they've made it illegal for horses to eat fire hydrants . This bizarre law presumably dates from the days when horses were the primary mode of transportation, though exactly what equine-hydrant-munching incident prompted this legislation remains a mystery.

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7. Yamhill, Oregon - Fortune Telling Forbidden

Image: petr sidorov

In Yamhill, Oregon, predicting the future is not just frowned upon—it's illegal . This small town of fewer than 1,200 residents has a law explicitly banning fortune telling, palmistry, and other mystic arts. The ordinance dates back to the early 20th century, when such laws were common across America, designed to protect citizens from scam artists and charlatans.

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8. Cicero, Illinois - Humming Banned on Sundays

Image: Kristina Flour

This town has an ordinance that prohibits humming on public streets on Sundays . The law likely originated during a more puritanical era, when Sundays were strictly reserved for quiet contemplation and religious observance. Any form of frivolous noise was considered disrespectful to the Sabbath.

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9. Paulding, Ohio - No Cop-on-Dog Biting Allowed

Image: Jairo Alzate

In the small town of Paulding, there's a law that addresses a very specific workplace hazard: it's illegal for a police officer to bite a dog , even in self-defense. Most towns have laws protecting people from dog bites, but Paulding flipped the script and decided dogs needed protection from over-enthusiastic law enforcement.

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10. San Antonio, Texas - Flirting Forbidden

Image: Elist Nguyen

In San Antonio, using your eyes to catch someone's attention romantically is technically against the law. The city has an ordinance that prohibits flirtation and "offensive ogling" in public places . This Victorian-era law was meant to protect people (particularly women) from unwanted attention and harassment before modern sexual harassment laws existed. The rule specifically mentions making eyes at someone or using hands to communicate romantic interest.

General General 4 min read

The secrets of the greenback

Dollar bills are green for this reason

Image: Pepi Stojanovski

The U.S. dollar is one of the most powerful and recognizable currencies in the world, but its physical form is unique for many other reasons . From its composition to its symbols, dollar bills and coins are carefully designed to combine history, security, and convenience. Let’s explore our national currency!

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What are bills made of?

Image: Viacheslav Bublyk

Unlike other currencies, dollar bills are not made of paper or plastic. U.S. dollar bills are made from a special fabric blend composed of 75% cotton and 25% linen. This mix makes the bills extremely durable and resistant, and they can be folded about 4000 times before tearing.

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What bills are valid?

Image: U. S. Government, The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Any U.S. dollar bill that was legally printed is valid, no matter how old, as American currency does not have an expiration date. While some bills might not be accepted by businesses of foreign exchange services due to their condition or if they are a discontinued version of the bill, the bills themselves are still valid, and American banks will accept them, though they might take them out of circulation.

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American leaders

Image: Lukasz Radziejewski

Five bills have a depiction of an American president. The exceptions are the $10 bill, with Alexander Hamilton on the front, and the $100 bill, with Benjamin Franklin. The $1 bill, depicting George Washington, is extremely symbolic: several elements are repeated 13 times as a nod to the thirteen colonies, and it showcases the Bald Eagle and the Eye of Providence as a sign of God watching over America.

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A change in size

Did you know that dollar bills used to be so big that they were nicknamed "horse blankets"? Original dollar bills were 7.4 × 3.1 inches. In 1929, the Treasury Department reduced the size of bills to 6.14 × 2.61 inches to reduce production costs and materials. Old bills, though still valid, are worth much more as collector items.

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Uniformity

Image: Avinash Kumar

Besides their value and design, all dollar bills have the same size (6.14 × 2.61 inches), color, and weight (1 gram) , which sets American currency apart from other countries where bills of different values are differentiated by size, color, or both. Why doesn’t the U.S. implement differences among bills? The cost of adapting vending machines, bank drawers, and ATMs to new bill sizes would cost billions of dollars.

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Hard to copy

Image: United States Treasury Department, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Originally, dollars were not green, but black. As time passed, green ink was favored, as it was cheap and did not fade as much as black. The new color also prevented people from using black-and-white cameras to create counterfeit money. Currently, dollar bills are predominantly green, but newer versions also include extra colors, such as pink, orange, or purple.

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A $100,000 bill?

Image: The original uploader was Durova at English Wikipedia., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Have you ever seen a $500 or 1,000 dollar bill? What about a $100,000? Up until 1945, the U.S. Treasury printed $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 notes , in addition to the values currently in use. These higher-value notes were mainly intended for bank and government use, but were sought by criminals as they made it easier to hide large amounts of money. Even though they were officially discontinued in 1969, these notes are still valid, though rare, and they have a high worth as collector's items.

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No numbers

Image: Quilia

Unlike bills, American coins have different sizes and colors related to their value. Originally, gold, silver, and copper were used for coins, but modern coins are made of copper, zinc, or nickel. Besides their size and design, the value of each coin is printed in letters, not in numbers , alongside depictions of American presidents.

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Liberty for all (the coins)

Image: Money Knack

By law, all American coins must include six specific details : the word ‘Liberty’, the name of our country, the national motto "In God We Trust", the oldest American motto "E Pluribus Unum", the value of the coin, and the year. Each coin also includes a mint mark that shows where it was made: "P" for Philadelphia, "D" for Denver, "S" for San Francisco, and "W" for West Point.

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A global currency

Image: Logan Voss

The American dollar is one of the most powerful currencies in the world, acting as a backbone for international trade and finances. It is estimated that two-thirds of the physical dollars in circulation are outside American territory. Besides the U.S. and its territories, eight sovereign nations have the U.S. dollar as their official currency, with several more accepting it as legal tender.

Geography Geography 5 min read

Stories carved by the Colorado River

The missing pieces of the Grand Canyon: 10 incredible facts

Image: jesus esteban

The Grand Canyon is bigger than Rhode Island. It's deeper than four Empire State Buildings stacked end to end. Its rocks are older than dinosaurs. But those stats alone don’t quite capture its immensity — and are hardly the most shocking. There are nuclear shelters, hidden villages, and billion-year mysteries involved. Read on to learn 10 lesser-known facts about the Grand Canyon.

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There's an unexplained billion-year gap

Image: John Graybosch

Look closely at the canyon walls, and you'll notice something strange: a clean, sharp line where ancient rock simply stops, and a much younger layer begins directly above it.

This geological puzzle is called the "Great Unconformity," and it represents over a billion years of rock layers that are simply absent , as though that stretch of time never happened. In some spots, rock dated 1.8 billion years old sits directly beneath rock that is only 520 million years old. Where did the missing billion years go?

The leading theory involves the violent breakup of an ancient supercontinent, but scientists are still piecing it together.

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During the Cold War, it hid a nuclear fallout shelter

Image: Lauri Väin from Tallinn, Estonia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the U.S. government converted part of the Grand Canyon Caverns into a fallout shelter. This dry cave system, more than 200 feet underground, was stocked with enough food and water to sustain 2,000 people. Naturally, it was never occupied, and the supplies were never used.

The caverns have since been transformed into a tourist attraction, with organized tours winding through the same underground chambers that were once intended as a refuge from nuclear war. You can even book a night's stay there.

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The Federal Aviation Administration was founded after a crash over the canyon

Image: Alexandre Henry Alves

In 1956, two commercial passenger planes collided in midair over the eastern Grand Canyon, killing all 128 people on board both crafts. Rescue teams struggled to reach the wreckage deep inside the canyon, and the extreme heat of the crash had caused the planes' aluminum to fuse with the bedrock. There were no survivors.

The disaster exposed a terrifying truth: the U.S. air traffic control system was dangerously outdated, relying on pilots' visual estimates and rough guesswork from controllers , with no way to separate fast-moving aircraft from slow ones, or instrument-flying planes from those navigating by sight. Congress responded by passing legislation that created both the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Transportation Safety Board.

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A hoax suggested that an Egyptian civilization had lived there

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In 1909, the Arizona Gazette reported that an explorer named G. E. Kinkaid had discovered a vast underground citadel inside the canyon, filled with artifacts linked to ancient Egyptian civilization. He even claimed the expedition had been funded by the Smithsonian.

This story described hieroglyphics on the walls, mummies in the chambers, and relics pointing to a direct connection with the Egypt of the pharaohs. It was incredibly detailed, and it was, of course, a hoax. No evidence for any of Kinkaid's claims ever surfaced.

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Fewer than 100 people have ever hiked its full length

Image: Abhishek Navlakha

Among the few people who have completed the through-hike of the Grand Canyon is Jen Hogan, the first woman to accomplish it, finishing her journey in 2021–2022.

It’s a full 800-mile length below the rim. The route involves extreme heat, flash floods, near-impassable areas, and stretches with no water or trail whatsoever. Around 60 or 70 people have reportedly accomplished it. This makes it one of the most exclusive feats on Earth.

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The Grand Canyon's rocks predate dinosaurs entirely

Image: MARIOLA GROBELSKA

Visitors scanning the canyon walls for fossils are often surprised to learn they won't find any dinosaur bones here. The rock layers of the Grand Canyon are simply older than dinosaurs. This fact alone can be shocking: staring at its walls means staring at marine fossils from as far back as 1.2 billion years ago. Some of its caves hold the remains of ancient mammals. The canyon is a window into a world that existed long before the dinosaurs, when the land that is now Arizona lay beneath a shallow sea.

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The park is bigger than Rhode Island

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Numbers alone rarely capture the Grand Canyon's scale, so here's a different approach. Rhode Island covers about 1,214 square miles, and the Grand Canyon National Park spans 1,904 square miles.

The canyon's depth exceeds four Empire State Buildings (which is 1,454 feet) stacked on top of one another. That’s 6,093 feet at its deepest point.

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But it's not the deepest canyon on Earth

Image: Naeemphotographer2

For all its grandeur, the Grand Canyon does not hold the depth record. Pictured above, the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon in Tibet, China, plunges to 17,567 feet, which is nearly three times deeper. Carved by the Yarlung Tsangpo River as it cuts through the eastern Himalayas, that canyon is so remote and extreme that it remained largely uncharted until the late 20th century.

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It is home to a pink rattlesnake found nowhere else on Earth

Image: Alexander Wong

The Grand Canyon Pink Rattlesnake has a pinkish-red coloring that matches the canyon's own distinctive rock walls so closely that it's nearly invisible. It is found nowhere else in the world. Officially classified as Crotalus oreganus abyssus , it has darker diamond-shaped markings along its back that deepen the camouflage further.

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There's a village at the bottom: Supai Village

Image: joojoob27

For over 1,000 years, the remote village of Supai has been home to the Havasupai Tribe, the People of the Blue-Green Waters. It is located an eight-mile hike from the rim, but sits roughly 3,000 feet deep inside the Grand Canyon.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has called it the most remote community in the contiguous United States, and it has no automobiles and no road access. The only ways in are on foot, by mule, or by helicopter. It is also the only place in the United States where the postal service still delivers mail by mule train.

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