1

George Wilson (1830): The man who refused his own pardon

In 1829, George Wilson and his accomplice James Porter robbed a U.S. mail carrier in Pennsylvania. Both were convicted in May 1830 on six counts, including putting the carrier's life in jeopardy, and sentenced to hang within weeks.

Porter was executed on schedule. But Wilson's influential friends petitioned President Andrew Jackson, who granted Wilson a formal pardon in June 1830, saving him from the gallows. Then Wilson did something that had never happened before in American history: he refused it.

The case was so unprecedented that it reached the Supreme Court in 1833, housed at the Capitol in Washington, D.C., as illustrated above. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the pardon couldn’t be valid without acceptance. However, Wilson was never executed. He served his prison sentence and was eventually pardoned a second time by President Martin Van Buren in 1841.

2

Richard Nixon (1974): The only president ever pardoned

On the night of June 17, 1972, five operatives were arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. Investigations revealed that President Richard Nixon had known about the cover-up and actively participated in it. Facing near-certain impeachment, Nixon became the only U.S. president ever to resign from office, stepping down in 1974.

Just 30 days later, his successor Gerald Ford announced from the Oval Office that he was granting Nixon "a full, free, and absolute pardon" for all offenses against the United States committed between 1969 and 1974. No charges had even been filed. The decision was widely condemned. Many historians believe it cost Ford the 1976 presidential election to Jimmy Carter. Nixon accepted the pardon but never admitted criminal guilt, expressing only "regret" for how he had handled the situation.

3

Iva Toguri D'Aquino (1977): The woman they called "Tokyo Rose"

Iva Toguri D'Aquino was a Los Angeles-born 25-year-old visiting a sick relative in Japan when the attack on Pearl Harbor stranded her there in December 1941. The Japanese government declared her an enemy alien and coerced her into broadcasting on Radio Tokyo's Zero Hour program.

This was a Japanese psychological warfare strategy that utilized English-speaking women, eventually all referred to collectively as " Tokyo Rose," to broadcast demoralizing messages intended to weaken Allied troop morale. After Japan's surrender, journalists identified Toguri as one of the voices.

A jury convicted her of treason in 1949, and she was sentenced to 10 years in prison. She served six years. After a 1976 CBS 60 Minutes segment revealed key witnesses had lied, President Gerald Ford granted her a full and unconditional pardon in 1977, on his final day in office. It remains the only presidential pardon ever granted for a treason conviction in U.S. history.

4

Jack Johnson (2018): A champion pardoned 72 years after his death

John Arthur "Jack" Johnson was the first Black man ever to hold the world heavyweight boxing championship. In May 1913, a jury convicted him under the Mann Act (a federal law against transporting women across state lines for "immoral purposes") for traveling with his white girlfriend, whom he had since married.

Johnson skipped bail, fled to Canada, and fought two world title defenses in Paris before losing the belt in Havana in 1915. He surrendered to U.S. authorities in 1920 and served nearly a year in Kansas. He died in a car crash at age 68 in North Carolina in 1946.

After years of bipartisan lobbying and a call from actor Sylvester Stallone, President Trump signed Johnson's posthumous pardon in the Oval Office in 2018, 105 years after the conviction.

5

Samuel Mudd (1869): The doctor who set the assassin's leg

Hours after John Wilkes Booth shot President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., one April night in 1865, Booth arrived at the Maryland farm of Dr. Samuel Mudd with a broken leg.

Mudd set the fracture and gave Booth shelter. When investigators linked Mudd to Booth, including through prior meetings in 1864, he was tried by a military commission and convicted of conspiracy. Sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labor, he was sent to Fort Jefferson, a remote military prison on an island 70 miles west of Key West, Florida.

In 1867, a deadly yellow fever outbreak killed the prison's doctor. Mudd stepped in, treating patients and helping contain the epidemic. A petition signed by 299 enlisted men and officers was sent to President Andrew Johnson praising Mudd's courage. Johnson granted Mudd a full and unconditional pardon in 1869. Mudd was released on March 8 and returned to his Maryland farm. His conviction was never overturned; the pardon freed him, but the guilty verdict stood.

6

Marc Rich (2001): A fugitive pardoned on the last day

Marc Rich was a billionaire commodities trader indicted in 1983 on 65 counts, including tax evasion, wire fraud, and trading oil with Iran during the 1979–1981 hostage crisis. Before facing trial, Rich fled to Switzerland, where he remained a fugitive from U.S. justice for 17 years.

On January 20, 2001, his very last day in office, President Bill Clinton granted Rich a full pardon, bypassing the standard Justice Department review process. T he pardon ignited one of the biggest controversies of Clinton's presidency. Rich's ex-wife Denise had donated more than $1 million to Democratic causes and the Clinton Presidential Library.

A federal investigation led by prosecutor Mary Jo White was launched but ultimately found no criminal wrongdoing by Clinton. Clinton's own Justice Department had recommended against the pardon. Rich died in Switzerland in June 2013 at the age of 78, never having returned to the United States.

7

Patty Hearst (2001): From kidnapped heiress to bank robber

Patricia Hearst, the 19-year-old granddaughter of newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, was kidnapped from her apartment in Berkeley, California, in 1974. She was taken by a radical militant group called the Symbionese Liberation Army.

After weeks in captivity, in which she was kept in a closet, blindfolded, she appeared in a bank surveillance video holding a rifle and participating in the robbery of a bank in San Francisco. She was captured in September 1975. Her defense argued she had been brainwashed and acted under duress. A jury rejected that argument, and she was convicted of bank robbery in 1976 and sentenced to 7 years.

President Jimmy Carter commuted her sentence in 1979 after she had served approximately 22 months. She was released and married her former bodyguard. In January 2001, President Bill Clinton granted her a full pardon in the final hours of his presidency.

8

Vietnam Draft Evaders (1977): The biggest blanket pardon in U.S. history

On his first full day as president in 1977, Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4483, granting an unconditional pardon to all Americans who had violated the Military Selective Service Act in the span of U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

The government estimated that approximately 210,000 men had been formally accused of draft violations , while hundreds of thousands more had never been charged. Many had fled to other countries, roughly 90% to Canada, where they had been welcomed as legal immigrants.

Carter had campaigned openly on the promise, calling it necessary to heal a nation still divided by the war. The pardon did not extend to military deserters. Veterans' organizations were furious. Despite the backlash, an estimated 50,000 of those eligible chose to remain in Canada permanently, never returning home.

9

Scooter Libby (2007 / 2018): The spy scandal at the heart of the White House

Lewis "Scooter" Libby served as Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney during the George W. Bush administration. In 2003, the identity of Valerie Plame (a covert CIA officer) was leaked to journalists, apparently in retaliation against her husband, former Ambassador Joseph Wilson, who had publicly challenged the administration's case for the Iraq War.

Though Libby was not charged with the leak itself, he was convicted in 2007 of four felony counts: obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and making false statements to the FBI. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $250,000. Later that same year, President Bush commuted Libby's prison sentence, calling it "excessive," but left the conviction, fine, and probation intact; he declined to grant a full pardon. Eleven years later, in 2018, President Donald Trump issued a full pardon, completely wiping Libby's record clean.

10

Roger Clinton (2001): The president's half-brother

Roger Clinton is the younger half-brother of President Bill Clinton. Roger was given the Secret Service code name "Headache" during his brother's administration. In 1984, Arkansas state police ran an undercover sting operation that caught Roger selling illegal drugs to an informant. He pleaded guilty in 1985 to charges of conspiracy to distribute drugs and served approximately one year in federal prison, completing his sentence in 1986.

14 years later, on his last day in office, President Clinton granted Roger a full pardon, clearing his criminal record. The pardon drew relatively little public outrage compared to the Marc Rich case.

1

Hedy Lamarr

Image: Geoffroy Berlioz

Best known for her 1930s–40s film career, Hollywood icon Hedy Lamarr also co-invented frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology to prevent enemy jamming in WWII. And if you think it’s no big deal, know it’s the basis for modern Bluetooth and Wi-Fi!

While largely overlooked as an inventor at her time, she was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.

2

Sybil Ludington

Image: Taylor Brandon

According to many historians, at just 16 years old, Sybil Ludington rode about 40 miles through the night in 1777 to alert American militia of a British attack on Danbury, Connecticut.

This would make her ride roughly twice as long as Paul Revere’s . While some scholars question the veracity of her story, a statue stands in her honor in Putnam County, New York.

3

Bass Reeves

Image: Pramod Tiwari

Born into slavery in 1838, Reeves became one of the first Black U.S. Deputy Marshals west of the Mississippi. He made over 3,000 arrests during his law enforcement career.

Many historians believe his exploits may have inspired the Lone Ranger character, although his name rarely appears in history textbooks.

4

Mary Edwards Walker

Image: David Trinks

A Civil War surgeon and suffragist, Walker treated soldiers on the front lines and was even captured as a prisoner of war.

In 1865, she became the first woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor. Her unorthodox dress style and fearless activism made her a striking figure in 19th-century America.

5

Clara Barton

Image: Kevin Paes

Known as the "Angel of the Battlefield," Barton provided medical care during the Civil War and later founded the American Red Cross in 1881.

Though once a household name, her legacy has faded compared to other, more widely remembered wartime figures.

6

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

Image: Chris Chow

A college professor turned Union colonel, Chamberlain famously held Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg, a pivotal moment in the Civil War.

He was awarded the Medal of Honor and later became governor of Maine, but his unexpected battlefield brilliance is often overlooked in Civil War discussions.

7

Robert Smalls

Image: Ian Hutchinson

In 1862, Smalls, a formerly enslaved sailor, seized a Confederate ship and delivered it to Union forces, securing freedom for himself and his crew.

He later served five terms in Congress, advocating for Black education and civil rights.

8

Harvey Wiley

Image: Diana Polekhina

Known as the "Father of the FDA," Harvey Wiley was a chief chemist in the late 1800s whose "Poison Squad" tested various food additives, leading to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.

This law laid the foundation for the FDA and led to the removal of many dangerous substances from consumer products. Notably, it prompted Coca-Cola to eliminate cocaine from its formula in the early 20th century.

9

George Washington Carver

Image: Dan Meyers

More than just being associated with peanuts, George Washington Carver developed numerous innovative crop rotation methods and created over 300 uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other plants to help Southern agriculture recover after the Civil War.

10

Joe Medicine Crow

Image: Boston Public Library

The last war chief of the Crow Nation, Joe Medicine Crow, completed several traditional war deeds during WWII—including counting coup and stealing enemy horses —and earned both the Bronze Star and the French Légion d’honneur.

Part of his legacy was bridging Native American warrior traditions with modern military service, honoring both cultural heritage and patriotic duty.

1

Watching TV together at a fixed time

Back when the only screen in the house was the TV in the living room, families gathered every night to watch their favorite shows at a specific time.

Long before streaming services let us pause, rewind, skip commercials, binge, or watch on demand, families built their evenings around the TV schedule. Shows like I Love Lucy , The Ed Sullivan Show , and later M A S H and The Cosby Show gave millions of Americans something to laugh and talk about together the next day. By the 2000s, though, that shared experience began to fade. With endless entertainment available anytime on phones, tablets, and computers, families no longer had to gather around one screen at one set hour.

2

Drive-in movies

A night at the drive-in was about much more than just watching a movie. Families piled into the car with blankets and snacks, kids often already wearing their pajamas, while teenagers saw it as the perfect date night. It was a kind of movie experience that today’s theaters can’t quite recreate.

But beginning in the 1970s, many drive-ins started disappearing. Growing suburban property values made those huge lots that provided low-cost entertainment harder to maintain, while cable TV and VHS gave families an easier and cheaper option: staying home to watch movies instead. Despite all this, drive-ins didn’t disappear completely. Around 300 are still operating across the country today, including famous spots like Bengies Drive-In Theatre in Middle River, Maryland, home to one of the largest movie screens in America, at 52 feet high by 120 feet wide.

3

Browsing the Sears catalog before Christmas

Long before Amazon, we had another way to shop remotely: the famous Sears catalog. For many families, the arrival of the Sears Christmas "Wish Book" was one of the signs that the holiday season had begun.

Kids spent hours flipping through its pages, circling toys they dreamed of, while parents browsed everything from clothes and appliances to tools and furniture. You filled out an order form, mailed in a check, and waited for your package to arrive. First introduced in 1933, the beloved Wish Book remained a holiday tradition for generations, but as online shopping grew and Sears struggled to keep up with changing times, the iconic catalog slowly disappeared before being discontinued in 2011.

4

Larger celebrations

Years ago, holidays like Christmas and Thanksgiving often meant one thing: the whole family gathering in one house. The turkey had to be big enough for everyone, and folding tables appeared out of nowhere for cousins, grandparents, aunts, and uncles.

Holiday gatherings are still an important American tradition, but they are often smaller than they used to be. Today, many families celebrate with only close relatives or a few friends instead of the massive family reunions. And there’s something that explains part of this phenomenon: in earlier generations, these holidays were one of the few chances extended families had to truly reconnect. Long-distance calls were expensive, travel was harder, and there were no video calls to keep everyone in touch year-round. Ironically, even though we were far apart, we actually saw each other in person more often.

5

Waiting for photos to be developed

For much of the 20th century, capturing memories meant waiting days, sometimes weeks, for vacation and holiday photos to be developed. And that wait was part of the fun. There was always a little excitement in wondering how the pictures had turned out, along with the surprise of discovering funny or beautiful moments you didn’t even remember capturing.

Those photos didn’t stay buried in a phone gallery; they filled family albums, sat in frames around the house, and became something families pulled out to relive old memories. But beginning in the 1980s, instant cameras like Polaroid and later digital photography slowly changed all that. Today, we can instantly take and keep thousands of pictures, but nothing compares to the analog experience.

6

Popping over to a friend’s house unannounced

Young people today often wonder how we made plans, checked if friends were home, or stayed connected before cell phones. The answer is as simple as life was back then: people just showed up.

Before texting and instant messaging, it was completely normal to stop by a friend’s or neighbor’s house unannounced, ring the doorbell, and see if they were around. Today, with constant digital communication, that kind of spontaneity has largely faded. Sometimes, showing up without warning is now seen as rude rather than friendly. But in many ways, that shift makes sense: busier schedules and a greater need for privacy have naturally led to a more planned way of life.

7

Sending Christmas cards and holiday postcards

Long before emails, group chats, and social media, sending Christmas cards and postcards was one of the most common ways we stayed connected during the holidays.

Although the tradition began in Britain, it truly took off in the US in the 1870s, thanks in large part to German immigrant Louis Prang, whose beautifully printed Christmas cards became wildly popular across the country. By the early 20th century, mailing holiday cards had become a cherished American tradition, with families eagerly checking the mailbox throughout December. The custom is still alive today, but it is no longer as central to the holiday season as it once was. Even so, we still send an estimated 1.3 to 1.6 billion Christmas and holiday cards every year.

8

Using paper road maps

For decades, almost every car had one thing tucked inside the glove compartment: a folded paper road map. Long before GPS and smartphones, knowing how to read a map was a requirement for any traveler.

Gas stations often gave them away for free, and on family road trips, one person usually drove while another tried to follow the route and give directions, sometimes correctly, sometimes not. Getting lost, arguing over the map, and struggling to fold it back up were all part of the experience.

9

Midnight Black Friday shopping

Do you remember when people spent a night outside stores, waiting for the doors to open on Black Friday? As the shopping frenzy grew in the late 2000s, major retailers like Target, Best Buy, and Macy’s pushed their opening hours earlier and earlier, until many stores were opening right at midnight.

Shoppers bundled up in coats, stood in long lines, and rushed through the doors to grab the year’s hottest TVs, toys, and holiday gifts before they sold out. It was chaotic, exhausting, and for many, surprisingly fun. But once online shopping and home delivery became faster and easier, those midnight shopping crowds slowly began to disappear. By the 2010s, the tradition was already fading away.

10

Door-to-door caroling

A few decades ago, opening the door during Christmastime often meant being greeted by neighbors or local groups singing carols. From the late 19th into the early 20th century, caroling was a community tradition, with churches, schools, and neighborhoods organizing routes.

Over time, the tradition began to fade. As cities grew and daily life became more fast-paced, privacy and safety concerns changed how people interacted with their neighbors. Today, door-to-door caroling is much less common, though it still survives in some communities. But America still loves the music: According to the market research company "YouGov," about 75% say they listen to holiday songs or carols at home during the season.