1

The White House

Though America’s most famous house, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, is not technically on the National Mall, it has been historically considered part of it due to its proximity and importance. It is separated from the National Mall by the Ellipse public park, and has a direct view of one of the most important Mall landmarks, the Washington Monument.

2

How America’s front yard came to be

When Pierre Charles L'Enfant designed Washington, D.C., in 1791, he envisioned a majestic avenue going from the Capitol to an equestrian statue of George Washington (now the site of the Washington Monument). The chosen name referenced the Mall in London, a fashionable avenue near Buckingham Palace. During the following century, L’Enfants’ plans for the Mall were ignored, and the space was used for canals, railways, and gardens. In 1901, the U.S. Senate decided to expand the number of monuments in Washington, D.C., which led to the renewal of the National Mall and to the addition of most of its iconic landmarks.

3

American history in action

As a space open to all Americans and one that is close to the Capitol and the White House, the National Mall has been the scene of many historical moments, from presidential inaugurations to festivals and protests. Among the most important events to take place in the National Mall, we can remember the 1963 March on Washington, the late 1960s Vietnam War protests, the 1987 AIDS Memorial Quilt, and the 1939 Marian Anderson concert.

4

Washington Monument

Located where L’Enfant initially envisioned an equestrian statue of George Washington, this 555-foot marble and granite obelisk was designed in the 1830s , but was not completed until 1884 due to fund shortages and political disputes. In 2011, damages caused by a 5.8 magnitude earthquake forced the closing of the monument, which reopened in 2014.

5

Lincoln Memorial

Conceived shortly after Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, construction began only in 1914, and the memorial was dedicated in 1922. The Neoclassic structure is surrounded by 36 columns, representing the 36 states that formed the Union at the time of Lincoln’s death . The famous statue of Lincoln in the interior is 19 feet tall, and both the Gettysburg Address and Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address are inscribed on the north and south interior walls.

6

Jefferson Memorial

Authorized by Congress in 1934 and dedicated on April 13, 1943, the construction of this monument sparked outrage, as i t required clearing parts of the Tidal Basin and cutting down some of its cherry trees to make space for the memorial. In what is known as the 1938 Cherry Tree Rebellion, protestors chained themselves to the trees. In the end, a compromise was reached, and most of the trees were transplanted. The monument, an homage to Jefferson’s estate of Monticello and the rotunda of the University of Virginia, features excerpts of his most notable writings.

7

The Capitol

The first building to be constructed in the National Mall, the House of Congress is located in what was then known as Jenkins' Hill (now Capitol Hill) . George Washington laid the foundational stone in 1793, and the initial building was completed in 1800, but it was set on fire by the British during the War of 1812. It was reconstructed in 1826 and expanded during the 19th and 20th centuries.

8

War memorials

Several memorials across the National Mall honor the thousands of Americans who gave their lives while serving the country . The first war memorial was the District of Columbia War Memorial of 1931, dedicated to honor residents of Washington, D.C. killed in WWI. Among the most significant memorials, we can find the National World War II Memorial of 2004, the Korean War Veterans Memorial of 1995, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial of 1982, and the National World War I Memorial of 2014.

9

FDR Memorial

Despite President Roosevelt’s wish for an understated memorial near the National Archives, the project approved by Congress after his passing was much grander. Instead of a monolithic monument, the FDR Memorial consists of a park-like landscape , with areas representing the four terms he served and the conflicts he led the nation through. It is also the only presidential memorial to include a tribute to a First Lady, in the form of a bronze statue of Eleanor Roosevelt.

10

Museums

The National Mall is one of the places with the highest concentration of museums in the world , most of them managed by the Smithsonian Institution. Among its most famous museums are the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of Natural History, the National Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space Museum, and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.

11

MLK Memorial

In 1963, the National Mall was the stage for Martin Luther King Jr.’s most famous speech, "I have a dream" , during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. After his 1968 assassination, members of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity —to which King belonged— petitioned to build a memorial in his honor on the National Mall, and were allowed by President Clinton in 1996. The memorial features a split rock —inspired by the iconic line "Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope."— and a central figure depicting MLK Jr.

12

Parks and Tidal Basin

The National Mall's original plan included several landscaped areas, but they were not designed as part of it until 1901, when the area was cleaned to include open lawns and rows of trees lining the different sections . In 1882, part of the Potomac River was dredged to reclaim 628 acres of land, creating the Tidal Basin and adding space for many of the current monuments. In 1912, the city of Tokyo gifted Washington, D.C., more than 3,000 cherry trees as a sign of friendship, now an iconic part of the Tidal Basin landscape. In 1965, the parks in the National Mall were consolidated as a unit as the National Mall and Memorial Parks.

1

New York, The Empire State

Probably the most famous and recognizable state nickname, no one really knows who was the first to call New York State the "Empire State", but everyone agrees on the reason for the nickname. The state of New York has always been one of the richest, most developed, and strategically important territories in America , a powerhouse akin to an empire. George Washington himself had described it as "the seat of the Empire" in 1785, and many believe that these words were the source of the nickname.

2

Indiana, The Hoosier State

Another instantly recognisable nickname, the origin of the term ‘Hoosier’ is also widely debated. Believed to have emerged in the 1830s, some say that it is a deformation of the phrase "Who's here?". No matter its actual origin, the term was popularized by John Finley's 1833 poem "The Hoosier's Nest" , a description of rugged but welcoming Indiana pioneers, and it became a source of pride for the state, so much so that ‘Hoosier’ was officially adopted as a demonym by the state of Indiana in 2017.

3

Delaware, The First State

Delaware was not the first colony to exist or to become a state. In fact, Delaware wasn’t even a colony: it was technically part of Pennsylvania. The ‘first’ referenced in the nickname alludes to Delaware’s role in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution , a task that took time and political compromise, as several states had concerns about the document and its articles. But while it took nearly two years for all the states to ratify the Constitution, it took less than three months for Delaware to do so unanimously, setting a precedent for other states.

4

Virginia, The Old Dominion

Probably the oldest state nickname still in use, Virginia’s ‘Old Dominion’ nickname has existed for more than 400 years. The first English colony in America, Virginia was also the main colony to remain faithful to the monarchy during the English Civil War , supporting the exiled King, inviting him to take refuge in their territory, and resisting the siege from the Parliamentary fleet for a long time. After the restoration, King Charles II conferred the colony the title of ‘dominion’ —similar to a kingdom in rank— and affectionately called it "the most Ancient Colloney and Dominion."

5

Oklahoma, The Sooner State

Although it is now used as a symbol of a competitive and pioneering attitude, the term ‘Sooner’ was not always seen as positive. During the Land Rush of April 22, 1889, the U.S. government opened a territory —freed by the forced displacement of thousands on ative Americans— for pioneers to take. At noon, a bugle would signal that settlers could enter and claim areas of land. However, several pioneers broke the rules, entering the territory ‘sooner’ , before the signal. Initially a pejorative nickname, the people of Oklahoma eventually owned the term as a symbol of their ‘can-do’ attitude.

6

Connecticut, The Constitution State

Unlike what many people think, Connecticut’s nickname is not related to the U.S. Constitution. In fact, the ‘constitution’ referenced in it predates the American Constitution by more than a century. Unlike other colonies, established by royal charters, the Connecticut Colony was established through The Fundamental Orders , a document delineating a representative government based on "the free consent of the people". The Fundamental Orders are considered to be the first written constitution in Western modern history, a fact that gave Connecticut its nickname.

7

Tennessee, The Volunteer State

Out of the many things that showcase Tennessee’s patriotism, none is as old or as well-documented as its volunteer vocation. Starting during the Revolutionary War, with the Appalachian Overmountain men volunteering to fight during the Battle of King's Mountain, Tennessee’s men's willingness to volunteer as soldiers became known during the War of 1812 , with hundreds fighting under Andrew Jackson’s command and earning Tennessee the name of the Volunteer State. To further solidify it, when President James K. Polk asked Tennessee for 2,800 volunteers during the Mexican-American War of 1846, the state responded to the call by sending 30,000 volunteer troops.

8

Vermont, The Brave Little State

A relatively more recent nickname than others in this list, the description of Vermont as a ‘brave little state’ dates back to 1928. After a flood in 1927 resulted in nearly 100 casualties and millions of dollars in damages, President Coolidge, a Vermont native, visited the state to assess the situation. Coolidge, often seen as calm and taciturn, gave an emotional speech praising the efforts and the resilience of his fellow Vermonters , and their ties to a land that gave them sustenance but posed the hazard of natural disasters. Coolidge ended his speech by acknowledging the generosity of the people of "this brave little state of Vermont", a phrase that became so popular that it was later inscribed in the Vermont State House and became a common nickname for the state.

9

Wisconsin, The Badger State

Though badgers can be found across Wisconsin, they are far less common than one would think, especially considering the state’s nickname. But this nickname has little to do with real badgers and much to do with people behaving like a badger. In the 1820s, prospectors all over America travelled to Wisconsin to look for lead ore. Working all day in the mines and lacking proper housing, the miners usually ended up living in the mines or digging holes in the hillsides to serve as shelter , which led people to compare them with burrowing badgers. Eventually, the ‘badger’ nickname became a symbol of the tenacity of the miners, and a point of pride for all Wisconsinites, who campaigned in 1957 to officially adopt the badger as their state animal.

10

Nebraska, The Cornhusker State

Though this famous nickname for Nebraska has ties with the agricultural identity of the state, it actually originated in the world of college football. Before 1900, the University of Nebraska football team had used several nicknames, such as Bugeaters, Tree Planters, or Rattlesnake Boys. Following a rough patch and wanting to give the team a new direction, sportswriter Charles Sherman suggested the nickname ‘cornhusker’ as a homage to the traditional corn husking done by hand by the Nebraska settlers . The name caught on and was eventually made extensive to all Nebraskans, being officially adopted by the state in 1945.

1

Appalachian Trail, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia

Image: Wes Hicks

Yes, the entire Appalachian Trail is extremely long. Actually, it is over 2,190 miles long. But, the Shenandoah National Park, 75 miles from Washington, D.C., has over 500 miles of hiking trails, including more than 100 miles of the Appalachian Trail ; You can tackle a small section in a day’s hike.

The park is the perfect place to explore the great outdoors in Virginia and it consists of 200,000 acres of protected land that are home to animals like deer and songbirds.

2

Burroughs Mountain Trail, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington

Image: Scott Longerbeam

More than 260 miles of maintained trails lead visitors through peaceful old-growth forests, river valleys, and subalpine meadows on the Mount Rainier National Park in Washington state.

The park is home to one of the most iconic mountains in the world: Mount Rainier rises 14,410 feet above sea level straight into the clouds. Check out the Burroughs Mountain Trail for stunning views of mountain peaks and the alpine landscape.

3

Rim Trail, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah

Image: Tim Golder

Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah is home to the largest collection of odd-shaped pillars of rock left standing from the forces of erosion, known as hoodoos. Many of them can be viewed from the 5.5-mile Rim Trail .

The park also offers hikes for all levels, including backcountry options for those looking for a little added adventure and guided Full Moon Hikes for night-owl explorers.

4

Upper Emerald Pools Trail, Zion National Park, Utah

Image: Jamie Hagan

A park filled with hiking trails for all experience levels, Zion National Park, Utah's first national park , is famous for its massive cream, pink, and red sandstone cliffs, and freestanding arches.

Hikers should attempt to visit at sunrise and sunset to enjoy the breathtaking views of sunlight splashing off the cliffs and into the rivers below. And if it is an approachable trail they’re looking for, the Upper Emerald Pools Trail is an easy hike leading to sparkling waterfalls.

5

Grinnell Glacier Trail, Glacier National Park, Montana

Image: Aaron Clinard

Over 700 miles of hiking trails, including more than a dozen options around the Many Glacier area , like the popular Grinnell Glacier Trail , can be found at the Glacier National Park.

Lucky visitors can spot some of the park's varied wildlife, including 71 species of mammals, from the tiny pygmy shrew to one of the largest remaining grizzly bear populations in the country.

6

Charlies Bunion Hike, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina

Image: Leslie Cross

The Great Smoky Mountains are world-renowned for its animal and plant life diversity, as well as for its miles of official and backcountry trails with views of waterfalls and old-growth forests.

The Great Smoky Mountains National Park spreads across two states and offers plenty of activities for hikers. For a particularly breathtaking vista, hike to Charlies Bunion, a popular outcropping along the Appalachian Trail.

7

Billy Goat Trail, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland

Image: Eduardo Gutierrez

Considered a moderate-difficulty trail, Maryland's Billy Goat Trail has three sections totaling eight miles, though portions are strenuous and challenging . Outdoor enthusiasts can experience the raging Potomac River and the rocky crags of Great Falls. The hike is very popular, so early hours are advisable to beat the crowds.

8

Chautauqua Trail, Chautauqua Park, Colorado

Image: Leslie Cross

An old park, Chautauqua Park in Boulder, Colorado, has been around since 1898. The 80-acre park has miles of hiking, much of which are uphill . But there are less strenuous hikes, too, like the Chautauqua Trail, which offers views of the Flatiron mountains and Boulder.

9

Canyon to Rim Loop, Smith Rock State Park, Oregon

Image: Alex Diaz

Hikers of every level can find an appropriate trail at Smith Rock State Park, in Oregon. These vary in length and difficulty, but they all offer beautiful views of the Central Oregon landscape**.**

The park offers hundreds of miles of hiking and biking trails, and visitors may spot golden eagles, prairie falcons, river otters, and beavers throughout the day.

10

Petroglyph Wall Trail, Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada

Image: Kristin Melville

As visitors to the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area can testify, not all short-distance hikes are the same. Many are labeled difficult, and it can take four to five hours to complete a five-mile hike.

Along the different routes, desert wildlife can be spotted, including lizards, toads, and hawks. One of the park's most beginner-friendly hikes is the 0.2-mile Petroglyph Wall Trail , where centuries-old rock art can be appreciated.