1

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

8th President

Image: Library of Congress

Van Buren, the first president born after the American Revolution, inherited an economic crisis shortly after taking office, known as the Panic of 1837 . The market crash, caused by speculative banking practices, led the country into a severe economic depression.

Van Buren’s quick response was to establish an independent treasury system, which effectively separated federal funds from private banks. This system helped stabilize the currency and laid the foundation for modern federal financial management. Furthermore, Van Buren was also a key figure in the development of the two-party system that continues to shape American politics today. Quite the legacy for an often-overlooked figure!

2

John Tyler (1841-1845)

10th President

Image: Library of Congress

John Tyler became president in 1841 following William Henry Harrison’s death, marking the first time a vice president succeeded a sitting president. Although this might seem unremarkable today, Tyler asserted the constitutional authority of the presidency by doing so, setting an important precedent for the peaceful transfer of power and solidifying the role of the vice presidency in American democracy.

However, Tyler is mostly remembered for championing westward expansion and overseeing the initial negotiations for the annexation of Texas—a move that literally reshaped the nation. Though this ultimately led to tensions with Mexico and the Mexican-American War, his efforts to settle a peaceful border treaty between the United States and Canada helped balance his legacy.

3

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

11th President

Image: Library of Congress

James K. Polk, the 11th president, is often called the "expansionist president" due to his aggressive territorial policies. Under his leadership, the United States expanded significantly, acquiring more than a million square miles of land through various treaties and the victory in the Mexican-American War.

His presidency fulfilled the concept of Manifest Destiny, extending the nation's reach to the Pacific Ocean. However, his legacy remains somewhat controversial, as many of his actions exacerbated the divide between the northern and southern states, setting the stage for the American Civil War.

4

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

12th President

Image: Library of Congress

Zachary Taylor, a hero of the Mexican-American War, became president in 1849 with little political experience. Despite being a Southern slave owner, he opposed the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired western territories, a stance that put him at odds with many in the South.

While Taylor's presidency was cut short by his sudden death in 1850, his role in opposing the spread of slavery into new states set the stage for future debates. Though brief, his actions as president are often praised for their conciliatory nature, as he sought compromises in an attempt to prevent the looming conflict.

5

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

13th President

Image: Library of Congress

Millard Fillmore took over after Zachary Taylor's untimely death in 1850, inheriting a fractured nation on the brink of civil war. His most controversial act was signing the Compromise of 1850, which included the Fugitive Slave Act, requiring the return of escaped slaves to their owners.

This somewhat ham-fisted attempt to maintain the fragile peace between the North and South only deepened the divisions that eventually led to the Civil War. On a lighter note, Fillmore was the first president to initiate trade relations with Japan, marking the start of Japan’s modernization and its integration into the global economy.

6

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

14th President

Image: Library of Congress

Franklin Pierce, elected in 1852, faced an increasingly divided nation over the issue of slavery. His signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 allowed new territories to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery, leading to violent confrontations between pro- and anti-slavery factions in what became known as "Bleeding Kansas."

Despite his troubled domestic policies, Pierce followed his predecessor's path of expanding U.S. influence abroad. He pushed for new trade routes and even attempted to negotiate the acquisition of Cuba from Spain, though his efforts ultimately failed.

7

James Buchanan (1857-1861)

15th President

Image: Library of Congress

James Buchanan’s inability to resolve the tensions between North and South is often criticized, but he faced a nearly impossible task. He sought to avert conflict through diplomacy but was hesitant to overstep states' rights, arguing that the Constitution did not grant him the authority to prevent secession.

Despite his efforts, South Carolina seceded in December 1860, just weeks after Abraham Lincoln’s election, setting the stage for war. In foreign policy, Buchanan strengthened U.S. relations abroad, securing trade agreements with China and managing tense relations with Great Britain.

8

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)

19th President

Image: Library of Congress

Rutherford B. Hayes is often remembered for his controversial election in 1876, which was decided by a congressional commission after a disputed vote count. His administration is also known for effectively ending the Reconstruction Era by withdrawing federal troops from the South.

While this helped bring stability to the South, it also allowed the rise of segregationist policies. On the other hand, Hayes was one of the first presidents to advocate for civil service reform, arguing that a merit-based government workforce was necessary to reduce corruption and ensure efficiency within the federal system.

9

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)

21st President

Image: Library of Congress

Initially seen as a product of the corrupt political machine system, Chester A. Arthur surprised many by becoming a champion of civil service reform. In 1883, he signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which mandated that government jobs be awarded based on merit rather than political connections.

This act significantly reduced the influence of patronage in American politics, a practice that had long fueled corruption. Arthur also modernized the U.S. Navy, which had been neglected since the Civil War. His administration helped lay the foundation for the powerful naval force that would emerge in the 20th century.

10

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)

23rd President

Image: Library of Congress

Though almost forgotten today, Harrison’s administration was marked by significant legislative accomplishments. In particular, the Sherman Antitrust Act aimed at curbing the power of monopolies and promoting competition, and is considered the first major attempt by the federal government to regulate corporate power.

Harrison pushed to secure federal funding for education and voting rights for African Americans, but many of his efforts were blocked by Congress. Despite these setbacks, he remained a vocal advocate for African American civil rights, consistently addressing the issue in his speeches to Congress.

1

The Big Apple: New York City

Image: Nik Shuliahin

Everybody knows "The Big Apple" refers to New York— the city that never sleeps . But why, exactly? Is it because there’s a worm (the subway) underneath it? Or is it a metaphor for something we strive for?

2

The Big Easy: New Orleans

Image: mana5280

It sure feels easy to stroll through New Orleans, a city known for its laid-back atmosphere and rich cultural energy, where jazz bands can spontaneously form on any corner and lively public celebrations are always just around the bend. But what’s the story behind its nickname?

3

Motor City: Detroit

Image: Doug Zuba

The most populous city in Michigan, the nickname "Motor City" certainly feels right for its bustling streets and large industrial background —but what exactly led to the adoption of this powerful nickname?

4

Sin City: Las Vegas

Image: Grant Cai

We all know the famous adage: "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas." Given the city’s notorious nightlife and gambling scene , it’s understandable—you might prefer to forget how you lost all your savings on a slot machine. But is that the only reason it earned its infamous nickname?

5

The Windy City: Chicago

Image: Ozzie Stern

Situated on the shores of Lake Michigan, Chicago's nickname might seem to stem from its exposure to harsh weather —but sometimes, the obvious answer isn’t the correct one. Is it really the weather, or is something stranger at play?

6

The Mile High City: Denver

Image: Emmanuel Appiah

Is Denver really a "Mile High" city because of its geographical proximity to the towering Rockies, or is it just a nod to its ever-expanding skyline? Keep reading to find out!

And now, the answers:

7

The Big Apple: Horse-racing origins

Image: Taylor Sondgeroth

The nickname originated in the 1920s as horse-racing slang , where "The Big Apple" informally referred to New York’s prize racetracks. Jazz musicians later popularized it, and a 1970s tourism campaign ultimately cemented it as a symbol of the city’s cultural and financial prominence.

8

The Big Easy: Chill and jazz

Image: Robson Hatsukami Morgan

If you followed our line of thought—you were right! This nickname emerged from the city's reputation for its relaxed lifestyle and vibrant jazz scene . While there are many theories about who first used the term—and whether it was originally meant to be derogatory—one thing is certain: all New Orleanians agree it 100% reflects the city’s unique blend of music, culture, and laissez-faire attitude.

9

Motor City: Infinite assembly lines

Image: Austrian National Library

Detroit earned its nickname as the birthplace of the American auto industry. Henry Ford’s revolutionary assembly line and the rise of car manufacturing giants cemented the city’s status as the global automotive capital of the 20th century. In fact, it remains home to the headquarters of America’s largest auto manufacturers—General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler.

10

Sin City: Prohibition defiance

Image: Jakub Dziubak

For a city founded by religious missionaries, "Sin City" is certainly an ironic nickname. In truth, its origins trace back to the construction of the nearby Hoover Dam in the 1930s. Thousands of workers flocked to the city in search of lodging and—presumably—entertainment. This led to the rapid rise of casinos and a thriving underground alcohol industry that—during Prohibition—was as profitable as it was illegal.

11

The Windy City: Long-winded speeches

Image: Kristina Paparo

While many assume it refers to Chicago’s weather, the nickname was actually coined by journalists mocking the boastful speeches of local politicians as they aggressively promoted the city as the ideal location for the World’s Fair. The term was meant to highlight the "hot air" of their rhetoric rather than the city's literal windiness.

12

The Mile High City: A matter of altitude

Image: Bill Griepenstroh

Denver sits exactly 5,280 feet — one mile — above sea level , earning its nickname, the "Mile High City," quite literally. Its natural elevation, combined with stunning Rocky Mountain views, makes it truly unique. Even more interesting, Denver’s altitude leads to some unusual effects: golf balls can travel up to 10% farther than at sea level, and alcohol tends to hit harder since high altitudes reduce the body's ability to process it efficiently.

1

Circle the wagons

Image: Dana Davis

Pioneer wagon trains literally circled their wagons at night for protection.

Creating a closed ring helped shield families, livestock, and supplies from raids, wild animals, and harsh weather—and the formation later evolved into a metaphor for any type of unified, defensive action.

2

Hold your horses

Image: Cemrecan Yurtman

Frontier riders needed to keep horses steady at all times, but particularly in chaotic and potentially dangerous settings like stage stops and river crossings.

By the mid-1800s, the phrase became a common command, later evolving into a figurative call for patience.

3

On the warpath

Image: Andrew James

This term originated as an English rendering of a Native American expression for wartime mobilization—specifically the route or course taken toward an impending conflict.

Euro-American settlers later adopted the phrase, and by the late 19th, century newspapers were using it metaphorically to describe anyone behaving aggressively or angrily.

4

Branding iron

Image: Jonny Gios

Ever wonder where the term "brand name" comes from? Frontier ranchers used heated irons to mark ownership on their cattle.

The idea of a distinctive identifying mark later moved into the commercial world, where "brand name" came to signify a recognizable product or company identity.

5

Come hell or high water

Image: Furkan Elveren

Ranchers driving cattle across rough terrain used this phrase to signal determination despite floods, storms, conflict, and whatever else the wild frontier could throw at them.

The earliest known printed use appears in an 1882 issue of The Burlington Weekly Hawk Eye, an Iowa newspaper. Railroads later adopted it in contracts requiring delivery despite natural obstacles.

6

Riding shotgun

Image: Paul Einerhand

In Wyatt Earp’s era, the seat beside a stagecoach driver was reserved for an armed guard carrying a shotgun to deter bandits.

By the early 20th century, the job had vanished, but the expression endured as a casual claim for the front passenger seat.

7

Belly up to the bar

Image: Vidar Nordli-Mathisen

Saloon bars on the frontier often lacked stools, so patrons had to stand and lean their bellies directly against the counter.

The phrase soon came to mean approaching something boldly, whether at a bar or any other challenge.

8

Kick the bucket

Image: Lucas van Oort

Rural butchers often suspended animals from a beam called a "bucket," and they sometimes kicked during slaughter.

The phrase was popular on farms and frontier towns, eventually becoming a euphemism for dying.

9

Dead ringer

Image: Annie Spratt

Frontier horse racers engaged in plenty of shady practices—and one of the most common was substituting a horse with a look-alike, a "ringer," to scam bets.

When the substitute was an exceptionally close match, it was called a "dead ringer," emphasizing its perfect likeness.

10

High noon

Image: CHUTTERSNAP

Before standardized clocks or reliable rail schedules, "high noon" was an easy way to tell time by noting the sun at its highest point.

It also became associated with showdowns and other events because midday offered the clearest visibility.