1

Rabies

Image: Samuell Morgenstern

Rabies-infected people and animals cannot swallow water. This is why rabid dogs drool at the mouth, because they are unable to swallow.

In the ancient world, a "cure" for rabies involved forcibly submerging people in bodies of water to force the liquid intake . Quite often, the consequence, as you might have guessed, was death by drowning.

2

Bloodletting

Image: David Trinks

In the days when barbers were also designated surgeons, bloodletting was a common cure for multiple conditions. This gruesome technique was performed not just using surgical tools but also by using leeches , which were directly applied on the human body , to suck blood out of the wretched individuals who required treatment.

3

Madstones

Image: Atul Vinayak

Folk remedies were common in a time when seeking professional medical help was a luxury for most people. Popular in mid-19th-century America, madstones were big hairballs extracted from the guts of goats and deer .

These objects were believed to possess medicinal properties, such as curing rabies and serving as an antidote to various poisons.

4

Chloroform

Image: Carlos Felipe Ramírez Mesa

Many substances that we now recognize as poisonous were once believed to be beneficial to health. During the 19th century, chloroform was commonly used as an anesthetic in surgeries .

However, later studies revealed that long-term exposure to chloroform could cause liver and kidney damage, respiratory depression, and may even increase the risk of cancer.

5

Arsenic

Image: Denise Chan

Another poisonous substance once thought to be beneficial was arsenic, which was used to treat malaria, syphilis, and other ailments during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

However, it was later discovered that arsenic exposure could lead to poisoning, causing severe health complications and even death.

6

Mercury

Image: Benjamin Hibbert-Hingston

Similar to chloroform and arsenic, mercury was once thought to be beneficial to the human body. However, as scientific understanding advanced, its harmful effects became widely known .

Today, we know that mercury is highly toxic and can cause severe damage to the kidneys and nervous system.

7

Urine

Image: Fotografía de Alimentos

Drinking urine for medicinal purposes was common in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where it was believed to have therapeutic benefits and was used as a remedy for various health conditions, including kidney and liver problems .

8

Trepanning

Image: Mathew Schwartz

Trepanning, a common medical practice in ancient civilizations, involved drilling a hole in the skull to relieve pressure or treat a variety of medical ailments such as headaches, seizures, and mental disorders .

However, due to the lack of modern anesthesia and surgical tools, the procedure was extremely dangerous and carried significant risks.

9

Cupping

Image: Katherine Hanlon

Creating a vacuum on the skin using heated glass cups was a popular therapy for various conditions, including pain, inflammation, respiratory problems, and digestive disorders . While not a particularly harmful technique, aside from the markings left on the skin, its benefits have not been scientifically proven.

10

Mummy powder

Image: Narciso Arellano

In medieval times, it was commonly believed that "mummy powder" possessed healing properties. This substance was made from ground mummies obtained from Egypt and was thought to be particularly effective in treating wounds, headaches, and digestive issues .

11

Nightshade

Image: Georg Eiermann

Nightshade is a poisonous plant with soothing properties, which was used as a pain reliever as it can induce a state of calm in the user.

However, this plant is also highly toxic and can cause hallucinations, delirium, and even death if consumed in large quantities.

12

Tobacco

Image: Juano colombo

It might be hard to believe today, but back in the 1600s, schoolchildren were encouraged to smoke cigarettes , which were then thought to be disinfectants.

Cigarettes were also believed to be beneficial for both the lungs and the mind. Thankfully, we now know better.

1

Carl Sagan

Image: Greg Rakozy

Astronomer Carl Sagan showed the wonders of outer space to an entire generation of Americans. Besides his groundbreaking innovations in his field of study, Sagan co-wrote and presented the TV series "Cosmos: A Personal Voyage", on which he tackled heavy questions like the origin of life and humankind’s place in the universe.

What’s most interesting about "Cosmos" is how this short series left such an unforgettable impact , considering the show lasted 13 episodes between 1980 and 1981. A big part of this show’s legacy is thanks to Sagan’s passion: His dedication to outer space made us truly believe we were made of "star stuff".

2

Julia Child

Image: Светлана Хуснутдинова

Even if we didn’t focus on her extraordinary cooking skills , the life of Julia Child would still be a fascinating subject: She served her country during WW2 as a spy and a researcher and helped develop an extremely effective shark-repellant that would have made 60’s Batman proud. Regardless, arguably her most iconic contribution to the world was the many hours of entertainment she recorded, in her effort to teach America the joys of cooking.

Julia Child’s iconic cooking show "The French Chef" debuted in 1962, and ran for ten years throughout the entire nation. Not only that, this show was the very first to win an Emmy award for an educational program.

3

Bill Nye

Image: Hal Gatewood

The title of "Science Guy" might not seem the most glamorous but trust us: Bill Nye is directly responsible for thousands of scientists. You won’t have to look hard to find a scientist who was inspired to pursue a career in science after countless hours watching Bill Nye’s show on PBS as a kid.

Bill Nye's work history isn’t exactly orthodox: After a successful career as a mechanical engineer for Boeing, Nye left this path to pursue comedy. However odd this combination might seem, it made Nye the perfect host for this science show for kids. His on-screen character was a wacky and hyper-kinetic scientist who managed to both entertain and educate an entire generation of American children.

4

Mr. Rogers

Image: Darren Bockman

Franklin D. Roosevelt once said "The whole world is one neighborhood", and we believe that many Americans who grew up watching Fred Rogers will agree: After all, his warm voice and kind demeanor welcomed us to "Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood" every single day.

This show was groundbreaking in so many ways: Through each thirty-minute episode, Mr. Rogers could educate his audience on various subjects, or spark their imagination over regular trips to the "Neighborhood of Make Believe" . "Mr Rogers’ Neighborhood" held the title of longest-running children's show for almost 40 years, and helped start the careers of such iconic actors as Keith David and Michael Keaton.

5

Walter Cronkite

Image: ThisisEngineering

Any journalist would be proud to be known as "the most trusted man in America" . However, it is a title befitting to only a select few, determined by their integrity, work ethic, and professionalism. Walter Cronkite is no exception to this rule: His 20-year tenure as anchorman for the CBS Evening News earned him a place in journalism history.

Known for his iconic signing-off catchphrase "and that’s the way it is", Cronkite's career earned him a myriad of accolades and recognitions , including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981.

6

Alfred Hitchcock

Image: James Lee

Alfred Hitchcock might be most remembered for his groundbreaking contributions to the world of cinema. To this day he is considered one of the most influential directors in the history of this medium. However, there’s a reason he made it to this list: For almost ten years, Hitchcock hosted his iconic anthology series "Alfred Hitchcock Presents".

The series consisted of single episodes that featured guest actors and directors, including legends like Clint Eastwood, Vincent Price, and Robert Redford. Time magazine included this show in their "100 Best TV Shows of All Time" list.

7

Johnny Carson

Image: Tiziano Brignoli

You know the drill: We say "Johnny Carson was so incredibly funny" and you reply "How funny was he?" To be honest, we didn’t really think about a punchline here, other than the fact that Carson was so funny he remained as the undisputed host of "The Tonight Show" for thirty years.

Filmed in the iconic 30 Rockefeller Plaza building, Carson and his sidekick and announcer Ed McMahon brought uncontrollable laughter to the millions of Americans tuning on to his show on NBC. He is considered by many to be the father of the late-night talk show and inspired many late-night entertainers like Conan O'Brien or Stephen Colbert.

8

Bob Ross

Image: Yannis Papanastasopoulos

Bob Ross taught millions of Americans how to find happiness in a new and extremely demanding hobby. You probably remember his soothing voice and calm manners while hosting his iconic TV show "The Joy of Painting" : He would usually encourage viewers to embrace mistakes while painting, calling them "happy little accidents".

What you might not know is that Bob Ross’ previous job didn’t involve this gentle motivation. Quite the contrary, actually: Ross served for approximately 20 years in the United States Air Force, on which he rose up to the rank of first sergeant . However, once he retired, Ross sought a professional career that didn’t involve yelling orders around terrified trainees.

9

Roy Rogers

Image: JosephHershMedia

Roy Rogers wasn’t known as "The King of Cowboys" for nothing: He was an amazing rodeo performer and one of the most popular Western actors of all time. He is still fondly remembered for his iconic appearances on "The Roy Rogers Show", a Western television series that cemented Rogers as one of the most recognizable actors of the 50s.

Accompanied by his trusted animal sidekicks, Trigger the Horse and Bullet the Dog, Rogers delighted American children with his Western exploits. His character would often face con-men and bank robbers, before departing with his iconic ending theme song, "Happy Trails".

10

Oprah Winfrey

Image: Ioann-Mark Kuznietsov

We’ll end this article with a television giant. There’s a reason why Oprah Winfrey is known as "The Queen of All Media" : She’s an Academy Award-nominated actress, best-selling author, and CEO of a multimedia production company. However, she’s best recognized as the undisputed queen of daytime talk shows, having hosted the iconic Oprah Winfrey Show for 25 years.

Since the end of her series in 2011, Oprah’s mark in American television and pop culture has proved to be completely indelible. Among her many accolades, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013.

1

Hopscotch

Image: MOHAMMADREZA Kr

When we were kids, before computer games and smartphones, we didn’t need much to keep us entertained in the afternoons. Playing hopscotch, for example, required only a piece of chalk and a large enough asphalt area to draw on and jump around.

There are numerous variations, but children have played hopscotch for centuries . The basic principle remains the same: a series of numbered rectangles is outlined on the ground, and the player tosses a pebble into each one in turn. The player then hops through the course without touching the lines, picking up the pebble along the way, and returns—still hopping—to the starting point.

2

Tag

Image: Aleksandar Andreev

Tag is undoubtedly the most famous chasing and catching game of all time. It also serves as the foundation for many other games. This is no coincidence—tag has existed since ancient times, with different versions in civilizations as dissimilar as Greece and India.

In the simplest form of tag, one player tries to tap another player; the tagged player then becomes "it —a.k.a. "the chaser"—and it all starts all over again. Which version was your favorite? Ours was freeze tag!

3

Jump-rope and Double Dutch

Image: cottonbro studio

Jumping rope was another childhood favorite, whether on street corners or in school playgrounds. Whether alone or in a group, it kept us entertained for hours. Among the countless variations, Double Dutch—a version in which one or more players jump between two long ropes turning in opposite directions—was probably the most fun and most challenging of all.

The origin of Double Dutch is not entirely clear. Some claim Dutch settlers brought it to America, while others argue it was invented in the early 1900s in the U.S. What is certain is that this game, which combines motor skill training and physical exercise , became so popular that it evolved into a competitive sport with worldwide tournaments.

4

Simon says

Image: Arthur Krijgsman

"Simon says… touch your nose!" Remember these commands? As kids, we could spend hours playing this game, where one player took on the role of "Simon" and gave instructions that the rest of us had to follow to the letter.

Records of this game’s existence in the United States date back to the mid-19th century ; however, its origins may be traced back to ancient Rome. Some historians suggest that the name Simon comes from Simon de Montfort, a 13th-century French-English nobleman who was known for his ability to command authority over his subjects.

5

Hide-and-seek

Image: Annie Spratt

Hide-and-seek is one of the simplest games but, at the same time, one of the most fun when we were children. In this game, one player would close their eyes and count to a certain number while the others searched for a place to hide. The challenge was to find as many hidden players as possible before they reached "home base."

Hide-and-seek, which has different variants worldwide, has been played since ancient times. In fact, historians have discovered a strikingly similar game in ancient Greece called apodidraskinda , which followed rules much like the ones we know today.

6

Hula Hoop contest

Image: Annie Spratt

The hula hoop became popular in the late 1950s when the American toy company Wham-O introduced a plastic version to the market. However, hula hoops have been used by children since ancient times. Over the centuries, they have been made from a variety of materials, including willow, grapevines, rattan, stiff grasses, wood, and metal.

Growing up, most schools had hula hoops available during PE classes. It was the ideal game for young children to have fun and get fit at the same time. Teachers often organized contests in which players twirled the hula hoop around their waist for as long as possible. The winner was the one who kept the hoop spinning the longest before it dropped to the floor.

7

Marco Polo

Image: Library of Congress

This game, which shares its name with the 13th-century Italian explorer, was a summer-exclusive tradition we eagerly anticipated all year long. Many of us still vividly remember our friends, siblings, and cousins shouting "Marco!" and responding "Polo!" as kids.

Played in a swimming pool, Marco Polo is a location-based game in which players must find each other using auditory clues. It became popular in America in the 1960s and is now played worldwide with various adaptations.

8

Musical statues

Image: Robert Collins

Musical Statues, also known as Freeze Dance, is a variation of Musical Chairs that can be played outdoors. It was a popular game at birthday parties and involved running around while music played. When the music stopped, players had to freeze in place. Anyone who moved was instantly out, and the last one remaining won the game.

Musical Statues originated in the United Kingdom, likely in the mid-1950s , when music players became more common in people's homes.

9

Tug of war

Image: RDNE Stock project

Did you know that before the 19th century, the game we now call tug of war was known as French and English ? Tug of war—or rope pulling—is an ancient game , with different versions found in Egypt, Greece, India, China, and Cambodia.

In tug of war, two teams compete in a test of strength and strategy, pulling a rope in opposite directions. Though this game is popular at school events for its mix of teamwork, exercise, and friendly competition, it was once an official sport . In fact, from 1900 to 1920, tug of war was part of the Olympic Games.

10

Dodgeball

Image: Wan San Yip

Dodgeball is another game we used to play in school that is now also considered a sport . In this game, the objective is to eliminate all members of the opposing team by hitting them with thrown balls.

Though it’s now a fun and friendly game, that wasn’t always the case. Dodgeball originated in Africa approximately two hundred years ago. Back then, it was much more dangerous and violent. Instead of using soft balls, participants threw rocks found in nature. Fortunately, in the mid-19th century, an English missionary saw the game and transformed it into a more enjoyable, non-life-threatening activity.

11

Duck, duck, goose!

Image: Kampus Production

You probably haven’t played this game since preschool or kindergarten, and you might have even forgotten about it completely. However, it was one of the most popular games on the playground .

In this traditional children's game, participants sit in a circle, and one is chosen to touch the heads of the others. The player who is "it" goes around saying "duck" until they choose someone and say "goose." Then the chase begins!

12

Scavenger hunt

Image: Nellie Adamyan

This was a more complex game that required much more development and preparation time. But perhaps because of that, it was so appealing to us. Scavenger hunts were so much fun that we still play them as adults, and they remain a popular activity at some universities , for example.

This game, which involves finding specific items from a list, evolved from ancient folk games. The modern version we play today, however, was popularized by American gossip columnist and socialite Elsa Maxwell in New York City during the 1930s .