1

Alcatraz wasn’t always a prison

Image: Maxim Babichev

Before housing America’s most dangerous criminals, Alcatraz served as a military fort. In 1850, President Millard Fillmore designated the island as a military reservation, and by the Civil War, it held prisoners of war. Its strategic location in San Francisco Bay made it ideal for defense. It wasn’t until 1933 that it officially became a federal penitentiary. Over the years, its role shifted dramatically, but its reputation as an isolated fortress remained constant.

2

Prisoners built their own cells

Image: Oxana Melis

Talk about a tough day on the job! When Alcatraz transitioned from a military prison to a federal one, military prisoners were put to work constructing their own confinement. Between 1909 and 1911, they reinforced the existing structures to prepare for the worst of the worst. By the time the Department of Justice took over, the prison was ready to house America’s most notorious inmates. Imagine building the very walls that would later trap you inside!

3

Guards and their families lived on the island

Image: Tyler Rutherford

Alcatraz wasn’t just a prison; it was also home to families. The guards and their families lived in houses and apartments on the island, creating a tight-knit community. Children took a ferry to school in San Francisco every day and played safely away from the prison yard. Some even recall watching movies in the recreation hall while criminals like Al Capone were locked up just a few feet away. Life on Alcatraz wasn’t all gloomy for those outside the cells.

4

No executions took place on Alcatraz

Image: Rita Morais

Despite its reputation, Alcatraz never had an execution chamber. While prisoner violence did lead to some deaths, executions were not carried out on the island. Inmates sentenced to death were transferred to facilities like San Quentin. That didn’t make life any easier in Alcatraz; many prisoners still feared the harsh conditions and inescapable isolation of The Rock.

5

The Pacific Coast’s first lighthouse was on Alcatraz

Image: Bruce Warrington

Before it became infamous for its prison, Alcatraz played a vital role in maritime safety . In 1854, it became home to the first lighthouse on the Pacific Coast, guiding ships through the often foggy San Francisco Bay. Though a larger lighthouse replaced it in 1909, the original helped countless sailors navigate the treacherous waters surrounding the island. Today, it stands as a historic landmark, reminding visitors of Alcatraz’s earlier days.

6

No inmate officially escaped

Image: Leo_Visions

While Hollywood loves a good prison break story, no prisoner ever successfully escaped Alcatraz, at least not officially. The closest attempt came in 1962 when three inmates, including Frank Morris, disappeared after digging their way out using spoons. Their bodies were never found, leading to decades of speculation. Did they drown in the freezing bay or make it to freedom? The mystery remains unsolved.

7

Alcatraz shut down due to high costs

Image: Jack Walker

Despite its reputation as America’s toughest prison, Alcatraz didn’t close due to security issues: It was just too expensive to maintain . The constant exposure to salt water eroded the buildings, and the cost of housing each inmate was three times higher than in other federal prisons. By 1963, the government decided to shut it down. The island was abandoned for years before turning into the tourist attraction it is today.

8

Some inmates requested transfers to Alcatraz

Image: Mylo Kaye

Despite its harsh image, some prisoners actually wanted to be transferred to Alcatraz. The prison provided single cells, which meant no cellmates to fight with . It also had some of the best food in the federal system because officers believed that well-fed inmates were less likely to cause trouble. For some, the strict routine and isolation were preferable to overcrowded, violent prisons elsewhere.

9

Alcatraz was named after pelicans

Image: Mollie Sivaram

Before it became synonymous with crime and punishment, Alcatraz was simply an island full of birds. Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala named it La Isla de los Alcatraces in 1775, which translates to "Island of the Pelicans." Over time, the name was anglicized to Alcatraz. Even today, the island remains a haven for seabirds, making it a birdwatcher’s paradise.

10

Alcatraz was never packed to capacity

Image: Kenny Eliason

Alcatraz was never overflowing with inmates . The prison had a maximum capacity of 336, but on average, only about 260 prisoners lived there at any given time. Sometimes, there were as few as 222. This was intentional—authorities wanted to ensure strict control over the inmates. It’s a far cry from the overcrowded prisons we hear about today.

11

Warm water showers had a hidden purpose

Image: David Castellón

Prisoners at Alcatraz were given warm water showers, not necessarily out of kindness, but as a security measure. Authorities believed that if inmates were used to warm water, they’d be less likely to brave the freezing bay in an escape attempt. Whether it worked or not is up for debate, but it certainly added another layer to Alcatraz’s infamous reputation.

12

Officers and inmates tended the gardens

Image: Maxim Babichev

Alcatraz wasn’t all cold concrete and iron bars; there were actually gardens on the island. Prison officers and even some inmates planted flowers and hardy greenery to make the island more livable. The tradition continued for decades, and today, the National Park Service maintains the Gardens of Alcatraz . It’s a surprising touch of beauty in a place best known for its harshness.

1

Early life

Image: Mikhail Nilov

Born in 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky , Muhammad Ali was originally named Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., after his father, who was himself named after the 19th-century abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. Throughout his childhood, Ali struggled with dyslexia, which caused him to struggle with reading and writing during his school year.

2

The start of his boxing career

Image: Johann Walter Bantz

When Ali was 12 years old, a thief stole his bicycle. According to historians, police officer Joe E. Martin, who was also an amateur boxing coach, found Ali fuming over the theft. Martin suggested that Ali take up boxing in order to better channel his anger. At the time, no one could have imagined that this suggestion would jumpstart the start of the most prolific boxing career in history.

Ali made his amateur debut in 1954. Shortly afterward, he went on to win six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, and the light heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

3

Sonny Liston

Image: Attentie Attentie

Many consider the 1964 fight between Sonny Liston and Muhammad Ali to be the first major stepping stone on Ali’s journey to greatness. At the time, 22-year-old Ali was the favorite contender for Sonny Liston’s world heavyweight championship title. The fight was highly publicized and controversial, with the brash and confident Ali openly mocking Liston during press conferences and interviews. Despite the odds being 8:1 in Liston’s favor, Ali won the fight in the seventh round, becoming the new world heavyweight champion.

4

Refusing military service

Image: Aleksandar Popovski

Ali’s fights were not just limited to the ring . In 1967, he stood his ground and refused to be drafted into the military, citing his religious beliefs and objection to the Vietnam War. Although he was highly criticized for this decision and stripped of his boxing titles, Ali remained steadfast and appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court. In 1971, the Court overturned his conviction.

5

From Clay to Ali

Image: Art Rogers, Los Angeles Times, CC BY 4.0

In 1964, the same year he became the world’s heavyweight champion, Ali’s religious beliefs caused him to change his name from Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali. The name comes from the words meaning "one who is worthy of praise" (Muhammad) and "most high" (Ali). At the time, heavily criticized by the press who refused to call him by his new name, Ali simply stated, "I am Muhammad Ali, a free name."

6

The Rumble in the Jungle

Image: Прикли, CC BY 4.0

Boxing fans remember 1974 as the year of what is arguably the greatest boxing match in history. Advertised as " The Rumble in the Jungle ," a 32-year-old Ali faced the undefeated and undisputed heavyweight champion, George Foreman. Though Foreman was expected to easily win, with 4-1 odds in his favor, Ali triumphed by knockout in the eighth round. This fight introduced the world to Ali’s iconic "rope-a-dope" tactic, which earned him the victory of what at the time was the world's most-watched live television broadcast.

7

Thrilla in Manila

Image: charlesdeluvio

All three fights between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier are undeniable highlights in boxing history, with their first bout famously known as "The Fight of the Century." However, Ali and Frazier’s third and final fight , advertised as "The Thrilla in Manila," is perhaps the most memorable, ending with Frazier conceding after the 14th round. Interestingly, the fight’s name originated from Ali’s remarkable talent for rhyming, as he declared, "It will be a killa and a thrilla and a chilla, when I get that gorilla in Manila."

8

Quotes and Poetry

Image: Fitzgerald Whitney, Los Angeles Times, CC BY 4.0

Let’s take a moment to step away from Ali’s outstanding boxing career and focus on one of his often-overlooked talents: his use of words . Ali’s struggles with dyslexia didn’t affect his poetry skills, which he often used to intimidate and attack his opponents. Not only that but his numerous interviews and press conferences gifted us with some truly remarkable quotes. We’ll leave you with one of our personal favorites: "If my mind can conceive it, and my heart can believe it—then I can achieve it."

9

Later years and death

Image: Nelson Ndongala

In 1984, at just 42 years old, Ali announced to the world that he suffered from Parkinson’s Syndrome. Despite his declining health, his spirit remained unshaken. He became a spokesperson for people afflicted with this disease, appearing before Congress in 2002 alongside actor Michael J. Fox to raise awareness for Parkinson’s . In 2016, Ali passed away at the age of 74, surrounded by family and loved ones.

10

1996 Summer Olympics

Image: Peter Robbins

We’ll end this article with an image that perfectly captures Ali’s unparalleled tenacity and fighting spirit. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta, Georgia, Ali took on the challenge of carrying the Olympic torch and lighting the Olympic cauldron. At the time, the former boxer was bravely battling Parkinson’s Disease. However, in a showcase of moving resilience, Ali represented his country and proudly carried the Olympic Torch to its destination.

1

Thomas Jefferson: Patriot, president… And foodie?

Image: Pixzolo Photography

Let’s start with what is arguably Thomas Jefferson’s most criminally overlooked contribution to history. Next time you are dipping a delicious and crispy French fry in some ketchup, take a moment to thank our 3rd President, who is often considered solely responsible for bringing this recipe to America.

During his time serving as ambassador to France, Jefferson fell madly in love with more than a few mouth-watering French dishes, which included a recipe for "potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small cuttings." He brought these recipes back home with him, and, while French fries didn’t become particularly popular until the beginning of the 20th century, Jefferson is still credited for introducing this quintessential side dish to the United States.

2

Benjamin Franklin’s "fowl" enemy

Image: Tyler Donaghy

There’s no denying that America loves turkeys —they are the undisputed star of every Thanksgiving Day feast. Having said that, can you imagine a world in which the turkey is emblazoned on official documents or currency? Forget that: Can you picture the POTUS delivering an important speech behind a podium with a turkey on it?

America would have definitively been an entirely different country if Benjamin Franklin had been successful in choosing the turkey as our national symbol. In a letter, Franklin stated that he believed that the bald eagle was "a bird of bad moral character," while the turkey, in his view, was a "Bird of Courage" more aligned with American values.

3

John Hancock’s signature

Image: Signature Pro

The Declaration of Independence was surely a pivotal moment in our country’s history. This document provided the basis of freedom, liberty, and justice on which America was founded. As you probably know, Founding Father John Hancock had the honor of being the first to sign this ever-so-important piece of paper.

In turn, history has thanked Hancock in a rather unusual way, with the simple yet versatile slang term "to give your John Hancock," which means to sign your name onto something.

4

John Adams dog from hell

Image: Jamie Street

Ask anyone to tell you possible dog names for your new puppy and they might suggest timeless classics like "Spot," "Buddy," or "Rex." However, had you asked our 2nd President, his suggestions might have been a bit more daring. During his time in the White House, John Adams and his wife Abigail were the proud owners of an adorable dog that sported a terrifying name: Satan.

What’s interesting is that the Adams truly had a unique talent when it came to naming their pets. Alongside Satan, the couple also had a female dog named Juno and a horse called Cleopatra. In any case, don’t be too fast to judge Good Old Satan. As the saying goes, a dog by any other name is still a good boy.

5

Are any Fans of the Bard Out There?

Image: Taha

For many book critics, the world will never know another writer as incredible as William Shakespeare. His works still inspire admiration around the world, with millions of fans reading, commenting, and recreating many of his timeless plays. In that sense, would you be surprised to learn that two of our Founding Fathers were die-hard fans of the Bard?

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were self-proclaimed admirers of Shakespeare’s literature, frequently writing letters that praised his impeccable style. Adams once called the Bard "the great master of nature" and the "great teacher of morality and politics." Not only that, a popular legend states that, when both Founding Fathers visited Shakespeare’s home in England, they chipped a piece of his chair to take home as a souvenir.

6

Whiskey that tastes like freedom

Image: Thomas Park

George Washington’s resume was certainly impressive: 1st President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and tactical mastermind. However, there’s another noteworthy activity that is often overlooked by history books— George Washington owned and ran a commercial whiskey distillery from his home in Mount Vernon.

Think about it: Is there any liqueur more likely to lift your "spirits" (see what we did there?) than a fine malt whiskey personally distilled by the "Father of Our Country"? The thousands of tourists that visit Mount Vernon every year seldom forget to visit the distillery.

7

Have you seen this dog?

Image: Joe Caione

Picture this: You are putting out signs in your block trying to locate your beloved and recently lost dog. All of a sudden you receive an unexpected call, informing you that they have found your dog and that it is currently in the care of none other than the President of the United States!

In all honesty, that’s not exactly how the story went, but it’s a true testament to George Washington’s honor and etiquette. According to historians, a little fox terrier named Lila was found by Continental Army troops behind American lines after the Battle of Germantown in 1777. After learning from the dog’s collar that she belonged to an enemy soldier, Washington ordered for the dog to be returned to her rightful owner, with a note assuring him that she was unharmed and safe.

8

Fancy a cold one?

Image: Drew Beamer

George Washington was not the only Founding Father adept at brewing alcoholic beverages. The great city of Boston proudly boasts an iconic beer brand named after Samuel Adams , paying homage to the beer-brewing past of this Founding Father.

There’s another bit of fun trivia regarding "Samuel Adams Beer": If you’ve ever enjoyed a pint of this delicious beer, you probably saw Adams raising a beer glass on its label. However, some theorize that the man depicted in the logo might actually be fellow patriot Paul Revere. Having said that, there’s no solid evidence to back this up, other than the fact that both revolutionaries looked a little similar.

9

Thomas Jefferson’s magical cookbook

Image: Hayden Walker

As mentioned earlier, Thomas Jefferson was a bit of a foodie. Granted, he would look at us in complete bewilderment if he heard us call him a "foodie," but it’s safe to say he loved good cuisine. Besides bringing French fries to our country, every American should salute and pay tribute to the 3rd President for yet another culinary jewel: Mac and cheese.

Again, we should clarify that the recipe Jefferson brought wasn’t exactly the one you would find in a box of Kraft. However, he would often serve his dinner guests macaroni pasta, paired with a cheese sauce that closely resembles the dish we know and love today. It’s believed that Jefferson’s delighted guests helped popularize this creation, which would eventually become one of America’s favorite meals.

10

Benjamin Franklin purposely misspelled "Pennsylvania"

Image: Adam Nir

We’ll end with a remarkably smart mistake that came from a remarkably smart man. Benjamin Franklin was behind some of the earlier forms of currency in the United States. After moving to Philadelphia in 1723, he became involved in printing money, which had only recently started circulating around Pennsylvania. As the great inventor that he was, Franklin added some remarkably clever ways to bypass counterfeiters and help differentiate his bills from possible fakes.

One of the smartest—and possibly simplest—features Franklin introduced was purposely misspelling the word "Pennsylvania" on his bills. After all, such a blatant and evident mistake would immediately inform anyone that this bill came from Franklin’s own hand.