1

First tracks laid

Image: Tim Wildsmith

Date: 1827

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), chartered in 1827, became America’s first common carrier railroad. Construction began the following year, introducing horse-drawn carriages on iron rails. While rail lines existed before, most were privately owned or served specific industries.

2

Tom Thumb’s race

Image: K. Mitch Hodge

Date: 1830

Shortly after the establishment of the B&O’s chartered line, American industrialist and inventor Peter Cooper designed the first American steam locomotive, Tom Thumb , to convince the railroad’s owners to adopt steam power. To prove the technology’s potential, a race was organized between the locomotive and a horse. Although the horse won after Tom Thumb suffered a mechanical failure, the demonstration successfully proved the superiority of steam engines, marking a turning point in railroad history.

3

The railroad boom

Image: Museums Victoria

Date: 1840s to 1850s

With the rise of steam locomotives, railroads expanded rapidly, connecting major cities and driving unprecedented economic growth. By 1850, the U.S. had built 9,000 miles of railroad tracks . These rail lines played a crucial role in transporting goods—particularly agricultural products—to markets, revolutionizing commerce and travel across the country.

4

First transcontinental charter

Image: Alex Boyd

Date: 1862

The Pacific Railroad Act, signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, authorized the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, connecting the East and West coasts. The legislation empowered the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads to undertake this monumental task, offering land grants and bonds to support the project. Beyond its technological significance, the act also demonstrated the federal government’s commitment to uniting the nation, fostering economic growth, and solidifying the country’s infrastructure.

5

Driving the Golden Spike

Image: Matt Benson

Date: 1869

On May 10, 1869, the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads met at Promontory Summit, Utah, completing the first transcontinental railroad. During the ceremony, a 17.6-karat golden spike was ceremonially driven in —then promptly removed to prevent theft. This historic achievement connected the nation like never before, reducing cross-country travel time from months to days and forever transforming America's transportation landscape.

6

Standardized time zones

Image: Igor Savelev

Date: 1883

Another transformative effect of railroad expansion and faster travel times was the need for standardized timekeeping. To address the confusion caused by varying local times, the system of time zones was introduced. This not only revolutionized rail scheduling but also transformed travel and commerce across the country, helping synchronize operations nationwide and ensuring greater efficiency and coordination.

7

The Pullman revolution

Image: Jennifer Latuperisa-Andresen

Date: 1867

In 1867, George Pullman introduced the first luxury sleeper cars, offering passengers unmatched comfort on long-distance journeys. Pullman cars featured plush seating, fine dining, and exceptional on-board service, elevating the railroad experience to new heights. These innovations set a standard for first-class travel that extended far beyond railroads.

8

Connecting the South

Image: Oxana Melis

Date: 1870s

During the American Civil War, railroads were a strategic asset, enabling the swift movement of troops and supplies. After the war, Southern rail development played a key role in integrating the South into the broader U.S. economy, facilitating trade and mobility in the Reconstruction era. The Southern rail network expanded from 11,000 miles in 1870 to 29,000 miles by 1890, breaking the region's isolation and fostering economic growth.

9

Electric rail debuts

Image: Museums of History New South Wales

Date: 1888

Richmond, Virginia, became the site of America’s first electric streetcar system, forever revolutionizing urban transit. The system had a significant impact on the emerging electric trolley industry, with its design serving as a model adopted by many other cities. This shift marked the beginning of modern public transportation, transforming urban landscapes and mobility for generations to come.

10

The Golden Age

Image: Marco De Luca

Date: Early 20th Century

From 1900 to 1930, railroads dominated American transportation, carrying nearly all freight and passengers . During this period, innovations in track systems, signaling, and luxury amenities reinforced their status as the nation’s lifeblood. The industry thrived unchallenged until the rise of automobiles and airplanes reshaped the transportation landscape.

11

Amtrak takes over

Image: Jan Canty

Date: 1971

During the post-World War II economic boom, airlines and Interstate highways pushed many railroads out of business . As passenger rail declined, the U.S. government created Amtrak to sustain intercity travel, consolidating struggling private lines into a national service. While freight rail remained strong, Amtrak preserved passenger trains’ legacy, ensuring their continued role in America’s transportation system.

12

Modern freight titans

Image: Akshay Nanavati

Date: Present Day

Finally, we've reached the last station on our railroad journey! While the railroad landscape has drastically changed since its golden era, trains remain a vital backbone of the country’s economy. Freight railroads now dominate the industry, transporting over 1.7 billion tons of goods annually. The U.S. boasts one of the world’s largest and most efficient freight rail systems , transporting everything from coal to electronics and continuing to drive commerce and industry.

1

New York’s many names…

Image: ian dooley

Did you know that New York has had several names throughout its history? The first documented European visit to New York Harbor was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer who claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême), after the French city located on the banks of the Charente River.

Almost a century later, English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York and claimed it for the Dutch East India Company, who christened Manhattan Island as Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam). In 1664, due to the war between The Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the British took over the area and renamed it New York , as a tribute to King Charles II's brother, James, Duke of York.

2

…and nicknames

Image: Artem Zhukov

In addition to its various official names, New York City has earned a good number of nicknames over the years. For example, Canvas Town, The Empire City, The City of Churches, Second City of the World, The Melting Pot, The City that Never Sleeps, The Center of the Universe, The City So Nice They Named It Twice, The Five Boroughs, and Metropolis, among many others.

But perhaps the most iconic New York City monikers are Gotham —coined by writer Washington Irving in 1807— and, of course, The Big Apple . In May 1921, sportswriter John Joseph Fitz Gerald of the New York Morning Telegraph first used The Big Apple in a feature on horse racing. As he later explained, that was the way New Orleans grooms' referred to New York City. Later, in the 1970s, an advertising campaign revived the nickname, and the rest is history.

3

National capital

Image: Cornelius Tiebout, artist and engraver of the original; this copy engraved by Hatch & Smillie and printed by J. &. G. Neale., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Given its cultural, political, and financial richness, it's curious that New York is not the capital of the United States. However, although it was only for five years, at one point in history it became a reality. Between January 11, 1785, and August 12, 1790, The Empire City served as the last capital under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the U.S. Constitution .

While the capital resided in New York, the representatives of Congress met in Federal Hall, a building located close to the current site of the Wall Street Stock Exchange. In fact, this is where George Washington was sworn in as president in 1789. However, a year later the Residence Act established the temporary seat of government in Philadelphia until the construction of the new capital, Washington, DC, was completed. Congress met for the first time in its new and current location on November 17, 1800.

4

Linguistically diverse

Image: Dan Gold

Did you know that New York is one of the most linguistically diverse places in the world? It’s like a modern-day Tower of Babel, which is no surprise given its nickname, The Melting Pot . It is estimated that up to 700 different languages are currently spoken in New York, many of them endangered. For example, in Queens, there is a small community that speaks Tagalog, the language on which Filipino is based. In the Bronx, on the other hand, several families still speak Laotian at home.

Alongside these lesser-known dialects, other more widespread languages such as Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Hebrew, Russian, and Italian, are spoken daily by communities that migrated to New York from their native countries. And that today, after several generations, still have a relevant representation in the most cosmopolitan city on the planet.

5

First pizza

Image: Jon Tyson

Not surprisingly, the first pizzeria in the United States is located in New York. The Italian immigrants who arrived in the city at the end of the 19th century brought with them their language, customs, and of course, their delicious food. One of these immigrants, Gennaro Lombardi, used leftover dough from the bread he sold in his Little Italy grocery store to make "tomato pies," following his Neapolitan family's recipe.

This pizza was so successful that in 1905, Lombardi converted his store into a pizza place. Little by little, he adapted his pizza to American ingredients and tastes, and lo and behold in a short time he had created what we now know as New York-style pizza. Lombardi's Pizza, today one of the most legendary pizzerias in New York, is the oldest in the United States. Be sure to grab a slice next time you visit The Big Apple — you won’t regret it!

6

Golden city

Image: Zlaťáky.cz

A city of firsts and mosts, New York is also home to the world's largest known depository of monetary gold. Buried 80 feet below street level, on the bedrock of Manhattan Island, hides an incredible treasure. Established in 1924, the vault of the main building of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, located in the Financial District, stores more gold than The United States Bullion Depository, better known as Fort Knox.

As of 2024, it houses approximately 507,000 gold bars. This reserve is enclosed in a 140-ton steel-and-concrete frame protected by a state-of-the-art security system. About 98% of the gold belongs to foreign governments, while the rest is owned by the U.S. government and other financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund.

7

Unique ZIP codes

Image: William Wachter

Apart from being home to major companies, the most photographed building in the world, and getting struck by lightning about 25 times a year, the Empire State Building is also notable for having its own ZIP code: 10118.

Although located in South Midtown, the building is so large that the U.S. Postal Service needed to assign it a unique zone improvement plan—ZIP for short—to handle its high volume of mail more accurately and efficiently. To be fair, other buildings in New York also have their own ZIP codes , including 30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, The Pavilion, Park Avenue Plaza, and the Pennsylvania Building, among others.

8

Birding paradise

Image: Laila Zouaki

New York has something for everyone, but wildlife? Who would have thought! When it comes to fauna, New York is much more than just rats, squirrels, and cockroaches. In fact, this concrete jungle has had animals at its heart since the beginning: two beavers adorn the official city seal. But not many New Yorkers know that Central Park is one of the nation's top spots for bird-watching.

The city is located at a concentration point on the Atlantic Flyway bird migration route, making it possible to observe birds year-round. In 1886, the park's first official bird census counted 121 species. Since then, 282 have been observed, including cuckoos, warblers, sparrows, owls, gulls, and Peregrine Falcons, among many others. Some of the best places in Central Park for birding are North Woods, The Ramble, Hallett Nature Sanctuary, and The Pond.

9

Times Square

Image: graphicsdays1989

The busiest street in the Big Apple owes its current name to a newspaper . Formed by the junction of Broadway, Seventh Avenue, and 42nd Street, this area is now a spectacle of lights, screens, neon signs, theaters, and hordes of people. However, it was once the center of New York's horse carriage industry. For this reason, in the late 19th century it was known as Longacre Square.

In the early 20th century, The New York Times moved its offices to a skyscraper on 42nd Street. A new subway station soon followed and the area was given the name we know it by today, Times Square. Although the newspaper moved out a few years later, that building is still famous for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Year's Eve.

10

Film mecca

Image: Marta Wave

Declared a National Historic Landmark, Central Park is a staple of New York City. It’s no wonder that this area, in addition to its natural beauty, is a world cultural icon. Central Park is, in fact, the most-filmed location in the world , having been featured in movies as far back as 1908.

With silver screen classics like An Affair to Remember or Breakfast at Tiffany's and modern films including Home Alone and The Avengers , more than 300 productions have chosen this 843-acre park in the heart of the bustling city to film some of the most iconic scenes in movie history. Have you ever spotted Central Park in a film or TV show? Now you won't stop seeing it everywhere!

1

Mark Zuckerberg

Image: Kenny Eliason

Mark, the co-founder and CEO of Facebook, was named TIME’s Person of the Year in 2010. He earned this honor for his remarkable influence on the social networking landscape and the way people connect online.

At just 26 years of age, Zuckerberg forever changed communication , with Facebook amassing over 500 million users worldwide!

TIME recognized him not only for his technological innovation but also for his role in reshaping social interaction and the digital economy. His vision and impact extended beyond technology, influencing politics, business, and society at large. He quite deserved the recognition, didn’t he?

2

Barack Obama

Image: History in HD

The 44th president of the United States was named Person of the Year not once, but twice! His first recognition came as he made history by becoming the first African American president , symbolizing a profound change and a hopeful future for many Americans. Obama’s message of "hope and change" resonated globally.

The second time, in 2012, he won the recognition as we secured a second term in office . His presidency was marked by significant accomplishments, including the passage of the Affordable Care Act. Both titles reflect his impact and influence on the American people.

3

Jeff Bezos

Image: Christian Wiediger

The founder and CEO of Amazon was named TIME’s Person of the Year in 1999 . He was recognized for his groundbreaking work in e-commerce, transforming Amazon from an online bookstore into a global retail powerhouse. Under his leadership, Amazon revolutionized the way people shop , setting new standards for convenience and customer service.

TIME acknowledged Bezos for his visionary approach and relentless drive, which significantly impacted the retail industry and consumer behavior. His innovative strategies and focus on long-term growth positioned Amazon as the leader in the digital economy it is today.

4

Wallis Simpson

Image: Annie Spratt

TIME’s recognition was not always about diplomacy, politics, or innovation: Love and drama were also acknowledged. Wallis Simpson was an American socialite and she was named TIME’s Person of the Year in 1936 for her role in one of the most dramatic love stories of the 20th century, which led to the abdication of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. Edward’s decision to relinquish the throne to marry Wallis, a twice-divorced American, rocked the British monarchy and captivated the world.

TIME honored Simpson not just for her personal story, but for the profound political and social impact her relationship with Edward had on the era . Even if the British monarchy didn’t think alike!

5

The Good Samaritans

Image: Katt Yukawa

2005 was one of those years when the title "Person of the Year" wasn’t enough. Back then, three people collectively known as The Good Samaritans were named "Persons of the Year," and two of them were American.

We are talking about Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, and Bono who was also part of the group. Bill and Melinda Gates, through their foundation, had been tackling major global health issues, such as eradicating diseases and improving education worldwide . Bono, the U2 frontman, was recognized for his activism in fighting poverty and HIV/AIDS, particularly in Africa, using his fame to advocate for social justice.

Their significant contributions led to improving lives and addressing critical global challenges and exemplified the power of using wealth and influence for the greater good.

6

Ted Turner

Image: Rubaitul Azad

Ted Turner is a visionary media entrepreneur, and he was named Man of the Year in 1991. He earned this distinction for his transformative impact on the media landscape, most notably through the creation of CNN, the world’s first 24-hour news network .

Turner's innovative concept forever changed how people access news, ensuring that information is available at any hour. His approach redefined television journalism and set new standards for news delivery globally.

Beyond his media ventures, Turner's dedication to philanthropy and environmental causes further demonstrated his commitment to positive change. TIME recognized Turner not just for his media achievements, but also for his broader societal contributions .

7

American Women

Image: Jen Theodore

That’s right, there was one time when the influential group was so big, that they had to honor a whole gender. In 1975, American Women collectively were named TIME’s Person of the Year. This landmark recognition celebrated the influence women had in several aspects, including politics, business, and social movements. The honor was a tribute to the growing momentum of the women's liberation movement, which was challenging traditional gender roles and advocating for equal rights.

TIME’s goal was to highlight the diverse achievements of women across the nation, from l eaders in government to activists fighting for justice and gender equality. This selection acknowledged the key role women played in shaping the country’s cultural and political landscape during a transformative period.

8

John F. Kennedy

Image: History in HD

Most Presidents of the United States were honored with the title of Person of the Year and Kennedy was not the exception. As the 35th president, he was awarded the title in 1961 due to his inspiring leadership and vision during a crucial time in American history.

His charisma, youthful energy, and policies resonated with a nation that was ready for a change .

The recognition came not only for his political achievements but also for his ability to energize the American spirit. Kennedy’s legacy continues to influence American politics and culture today so the recognition was just one more testament to his powerful impact.

9

David Ho

Image: Marcelo Leal

In 1996, Dr. David Ho, an influential Taiwanese-American AIDS researcher, was granted this recognition due to his groundbreaking work on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which helped the medical community understand and treat AIDS. His extensive investigation led to the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

His findings meant giving patients the possibility of living a quality life through treatment for a chronic condition instead of a fatal disease.

Dr. Ho’s dedication and scientific advancements have had a profound impact on public health and this recognition acknowledged the importance of scientific innovations in addressing global health crises.

10

Taylor Swift

Image: Rosa Rafael

This article ends with TIME’s most recent "Person of the Year." Taylor Swift is a 34 American singer-songwriter who was given the title in December 2023.

During that year, Swift broke quite literally all the records: The most streamed album, the highest-grossing world tour, the biggest-selling record of the year, and more. Taylor Swift was granted the title because it became a whole phenomenon. It was the first person in the arts to be recognized with this title.

Whatever country she visited with The Eras Tour the local economy went crazy, not to mention the fans. Her music has inspired millions of people around the world, deeply influencing cultures, economies, and more on her way.