1

Early life

Image: Mikhail Nilov

Born in 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky , Muhammad Ali was originally named Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., after his father, who was himself named after the 19th-century abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. Throughout his childhood, Ali struggled with dyslexia, which caused him to struggle with reading and writing during his school year.

2

The start of his boxing career

Image: Johann Walter Bantz

When Ali was 12 years old, a thief stole his bicycle. According to historians, police officer Joe E. Martin, who was also an amateur boxing coach, found Ali fuming over the theft. Martin suggested that Ali take up boxing in order to better channel his anger. At the time, no one could have imagined that this suggestion would jumpstart the start of the most prolific boxing career in history.

Ali made his amateur debut in 1954. Shortly afterward, he went on to win six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, and the light heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

3

Sonny Liston

Image: Attentie Attentie

Many consider the 1964 fight between Sonny Liston and Muhammad Ali to be the first major stepping stone on Ali’s journey to greatness. At the time, 22-year-old Ali was the favorite contender for Sonny Liston’s world heavyweight championship title. The fight was highly publicized and controversial, with the brash and confident Ali openly mocking Liston during press conferences and interviews. Despite the odds being 8:1 in Liston’s favor, Ali won the fight in the seventh round, becoming the new world heavyweight champion.

4

Refusing military service

Image: Aleksandar Popovski

Ali’s fights were not just limited to the ring . In 1967, he stood his ground and refused to be drafted into the military, citing his religious beliefs and objection to the Vietnam War. Although he was highly criticized for this decision and stripped of his boxing titles, Ali remained steadfast and appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court. In 1971, the Court overturned his conviction.

5

From Clay to Ali

Image: Art Rogers, Los Angeles Times, CC BY 4.0

In 1964, the same year he became the world’s heavyweight champion, Ali’s religious beliefs caused him to change his name from Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali. The name comes from the words meaning "one who is worthy of praise" (Muhammad) and "most high" (Ali). At the time, heavily criticized by the press who refused to call him by his new name, Ali simply stated, "I am Muhammad Ali, a free name."

6

The Rumble in the Jungle

Image: Прикли, CC BY 4.0

Boxing fans remember 1974 as the year of what is arguably the greatest boxing match in history. Advertised as " The Rumble in the Jungle ," a 32-year-old Ali faced the undefeated and undisputed heavyweight champion, George Foreman. Though Foreman was expected to easily win, with 4-1 odds in his favor, Ali triumphed by knockout in the eighth round. This fight introduced the world to Ali’s iconic "rope-a-dope" tactic, which earned him the victory of what at the time was the world's most-watched live television broadcast.

7

Thrilla in Manila

Image: charlesdeluvio

All three fights between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier are undeniable highlights in boxing history, with their first bout famously known as "The Fight of the Century." However, Ali and Frazier’s third and final fight , advertised as "The Thrilla in Manila," is perhaps the most memorable, ending with Frazier conceding after the 14th round. Interestingly, the fight’s name originated from Ali’s remarkable talent for rhyming, as he declared, "It will be a killa and a thrilla and a chilla, when I get that gorilla in Manila."

8

Quotes and Poetry

Image: Fitzgerald Whitney, Los Angeles Times, CC BY 4.0

Let’s take a moment to step away from Ali’s outstanding boxing career and focus on one of his often-overlooked talents: his use of words . Ali’s struggles with dyslexia didn’t affect his poetry skills, which he often used to intimidate and attack his opponents. Not only that but his numerous interviews and press conferences gifted us with some truly remarkable quotes. We’ll leave you with one of our personal favorites: "If my mind can conceive it, and my heart can believe it—then I can achieve it."

9

Later years and death

Image: Nelson Ndongala

In 1984, at just 42 years old, Ali announced to the world that he suffered from Parkinson’s Syndrome. Despite his declining health, his spirit remained unshaken. He became a spokesperson for people afflicted with this disease, appearing before Congress in 2002 alongside actor Michael J. Fox to raise awareness for Parkinson’s . In 2016, Ali passed away at the age of 74, surrounded by family and loved ones.

10

1996 Summer Olympics

Image: Peter Robbins

We’ll end this article with an image that perfectly captures Ali’s unparalleled tenacity and fighting spirit. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta, Georgia, Ali took on the challenge of carrying the Olympic torch and lighting the Olympic cauldron. At the time, the former boxer was bravely battling Parkinson’s Disease. However, in a showcase of moving resilience, Ali represented his country and proudly carried the Olympic Torch to its destination.

1

Brooklyn Bridge, New York: A family affair with an undersung heroine

Designer John Roebling died from tetanus after his foot was crushed during the initial survey in 1869, leaving his son, Washington, to complete the project. Then Washington developed debilitating "caisson disease" (the bends) from working in the underwater pressurized chambers, leaving him bedridden and barely able to speak. For the next eleven years, he directed construction from his apartment window through a telescope, while his wife Emily became his voice , learning advanced mathematics and engineering to communicate his instructions to the workers.

Emily Roebling essentially became America's first female field engineer, though she received no official title or recognition at the time. She walked the bridge on opening day in 1883, carrying a rooster as a symbol of victory—a moment that should have cemented her place in history but was largely forgotten until recently.

2

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco: They said it couldn't be built

Engineers insisted it was impossible: the water was too deep, the currents too strong, the fog too thick. Joseph Strauss, the chief engineer, was mocked by colleagues who called his design "Strauss's Folly." The Navy opposed it, claiming it would obstruct their ships. Environmentalists feared it would ruin the bay's natural beauty. Ferry operators lobbied against it, worried about losing their livelihoods.

Yet construction began in 1933, during the Great Depression, providing thousands of jobs when they were desperately needed. Strauss installed a revolutionary safety net beneath the bridge, saving nineteen men who became known as the "Halfway to Hell Club." Tragically, ten other workers still died when a section of scaffolding fell through the net near the end of construction. When it opened in 1937, the bridge was the longest suspension span in the world . Strauss died just one year after the bridge opened, worn out by the battle to build his "impossible" dream.

3

Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Florida: Rising from tragedy

On a foggy May morning in 1980, the freighter MV Summit Venture lost radar during a violent thunderstorm and slammed into the Sunshine Skyway Bridge. A 1,400-foot section of the bridge collapsed into Tampa Bay , sending six cars, a truck, and a Greyhound bus plummeting 150 feet into the water below. Thirty-five people died instantly. The only survivor was a truck driver whose vehicle teetered on the broken edge.

Rather than simply repair the damaged bridge, Florida decided to build an entirely new one. The new Sunshine Skyway, completed in 1987, features massive concrete "dolphins"—protective barriers designed to absorb ship impacts and prevent another catastrophe. The old bridge's remaining sections were converted into fishing piers, now popular spots where anglers cast lines into the same waters where so many lives were lost.

4

Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington - Galloping Gertie's fatal dance

From the moment the Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened in July 1940, it moved—undulating, twisting, and bucking in the wind like a living thing. This rhythmic, vertical bouncing reminded locals of a galloping horse, thus earning the bridge the nickname 'Galloping Gertie.' Engineers knew about the movement but considered it within acceptable limits. For four months, Gertie galloped along, becoming a tourist attraction and a source of local pride. Then came November 7, 1940.

In 40-mph winds, the bridge entered an aeroelastic fluttering that tore it apart in spectacular fashion. The only casualty was a three-legged black Cocker Spaniel named Tubby, left in a car by his owner, who fled on foot. Film footage of the collapse became required viewing in engineering schools worldwide. A new bridge opened in 1950 with crucial design changes, and in 2007, a parallel span was added.

5

London Bridge, Arizona: The bridge they bought by mistake

American entrepreneur Robert McCulloch bought London Bridge in 1968 for $2.46 million and had it shipped, stone by stone, from London to Lake Havasu City, Arizona . Urban legend claims McCulloch thought he was buying the iconic Tower Bridge and was disappointed when his purchase turned out to be the relatively plain London Bridge. While McCulloch denied this, the story persists because it's too good not to be true.

The bridge was disassembled into 10,000 tons of granite blocks, each numbered and shipped across the Atlantic. Workers reassembled it in the Arizona desert like a giant jigsaw puzzle, creating a channel beneath it afterward to make it an actual functioning bridge.

6

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia: Engineering ambition gone mad

When engineers proposed building a crossing for the 17.6-mile-wide mouth of Chesapeake Bay, skeptics called it impossible. The crossing would need to accommodate massive naval and commercial ships heading to Norfolk, one of America's busiest ports, while also withstanding hurricanes and ocean storms. The solution was audacious: build a structure that would be partly bridge and partly tunnel, diving beneath the water at two points to allow ship traffic through .

The completed structure, opened in 1964, includes two mile-long tunnels, nearly 12 miles of trestle bridges, four man-made islands, and multiple high-level bridges—all exposed to the open Atlantic Ocean. It was immediately declared one of the "Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World."

7

Seven Mile Bridge, Florida Keys: Flagler's folly made real

Henry Flagler's dream of extending his railroad to Key West was called "Flagler's Folly" by critics. But Flagler, already wealthy from Standard Oil, was determined to connect the Keys to mainland Florida. Construction began in 1905, facing hurricanes, mosquitoes, brutal heat, and the challenge of building in water up to 40 feet deep. The worst disaster came in 1906 when a hurricane killed over 100 workers—mostly immigrant laborers, whose tragic deaths barely made headlines at the time.

The railroad finally reached Key West in 1912, a year before Flagler's death. For 23 years, it carried tourists and freight until the monster Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 destroyed much of the track, killing hundreds. Rather than rebuild the railway, the state converted the route into the Overseas Highway, with the Seven Mile Bridge becoming its centerpiece . The original bridge served cars until 1982, when a new parallel bridge opened.

8

Mackinac Bridge, Michigan: The bridge that refused to die

Dreams of a bridge between Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas dated back to the 1880s, but the five-mile strait seemed unbridgeable. The Great Depression killed early plans, and World War II delayed them further. By the 1950s, the project had died and been resurrected so many times that locals joked it would never happen. Then, engineer David Steinman took on the challenge, designing a suspension bridge that would span the straits despite brutal weather, thick ice, and deep water .

Construction from 1954 to 1957 employed 3,500 workers at its peak. Opening day in 1957 drew 50,000 people, and Governor G. Mennen Williams walked across alongside bridge workers. "Mighty Mac" became Michigan's symbol, though high winds remain dangerous—two vehicles have been blown off in separate incidents, leading to the bridge authority offering free transport for nervous drivers during storms.

9

New River Gorge Bridge, West Virginia: The bridge that became a party

When the New River Gorge Bridge opened in 1977, it was the world's longest single-span arch bridge and the highest vehicular bridge in the Americas at 876 feet above the New River. The structure cut a 40-minute winding drive down to one minute, transforming the region's economy. But locals decided the bridge's annual achievement deserved an equally monumental celebration. Thus "Bridge Day" was born: a festival where the bridge closes to traffic and people are legally allowed to BASE jump and rappel off it.

Every third Saturday in October, up to 200,000 people descend on the tiny town of Fayetteville (population 2,800) to watch hundreds of BASE jumpers leap off the bridge . It's the largest extreme sports event in the world and the only day of the year when BASE jumping is legal in the U.S.

10

Navajo Bridge, Arizona: The bridge to nowhere that changed everything

When the original Navajo Bridge opened in 1929, the closest town was 130 miles away, and the bridge spanned a remote section of the Colorado River in northern Arizona. Critics called it the "bridge to nowhere." But the bridge had a crucial purpose: it was the only crossing of the Colorado River for 600 miles, making it essential for anyone traveling between Utah and Arizona without taking a massive detour.

Over the course of decades, it became a vital link for Navajo Nation residents accessing healthcare, education, and commerce . It also opened the North Rim of the Grand Canyon to tourists, transforming the region's economy. By the 1990s, the original bridge couldn't handle modern traffic, so a parallel span opened in 1995. Rather than demolish the original, it was converted to a pedestrian bridge where you can look straight down 467 feet to the Colorado River.

1

The light bulb

Image: Zach Lucero

Delivering electricity to the masses was one of the greatest technological advances in human history. The mid-1800s saw great competition in this area, as inventors around the world raced to invent their own electric light. The first filament bulb was developed by British inventor Warren de la Rue in 1840, but his use of a platinum filament made it expensive and impractical.

A few years later, Joseph Swan in the UK and Thomas Edison in the US each independently invented bulbs using cheaper elements. However, Edison received a patent on his bulb in early 1880, slightly before Swan. The light bulb, an invention that quickly reached every home, revolutionized life around the world, led to the development of the electrical grid, and set the stage for our modern electricity-dependent society.

2

The telephone

Image: viarami

In this modern era of emails and text messages, it can be hard to appreciate that the telephone was once revolutionary. The telegraph, the phone’s predecessor, only transmitted brief written messages. The telephone, however, allowed people to speak with one another in real time over long distances.

Inventor, scientist, and engineer Alexander Graham Bell invented the electric telephone in 1876. Although Bell was Scottish-born and also lived in Canada, he patented his invention in the US . The telephone was a game-changing technology that improved business efficiency, enabled instant global connections, and allowed emergencies to be reported as they occurred. It effectively made the world more connected and faster-paced.

3

The fire escape

Image: Lewis J Goetz

When we think of US inventions, the first things that come to mind are usually the light bulb or the telephone. But did you know that the modern fire escape was also a US innovation? Designed in 1887, this simple yet life-saving invention changed building safety forever.

In the late 1800s, fires were devastating cities across America. One woman, Anna Connelly, saw this horror up close and decided to do something about it. She designed an external iron staircase system, and in 1887, she patented it. At a time when women couldn’t even vote, Anna’s invention became a safety standard in most major cities, saving thousands of lives. Today her name is barely known, but next time you see a fire escape, remember the woman who made them possible.

4

The cash register

Image: Di Du

The first mechanical cash register for calculating and recording sales transactions was invented by saloonkeeper James Ritty following the American Civil War. He was looking for a way to stop cashiers from stealing, and finally patented his novel invention in 1879.

When a transaction was completed, Ritty's Incorruptible Cashier made a bell sound, and the amount was displayed on a large dial on the front of the machine. During each sale, a paper tape was hole-punched so the vendor could keep track of sales. Pretty ingenious, don’t you think?

5

Interchangeable parts

Image: gayulo

Standardized interchangeable parts for machines are now a staple of modern manufacturing, but it’s not a new idea. There’s evidence that thousands of years ago, ancient Carthage used them to build warships, and ancient China applied the idea to crossbows. Many centuries later, French experimentation with interchangeable musket parts inspired Thomas Jefferson.

In 1798, President George Washington and his Congress finally agreed to Jefferson’s idea of implementing the technology in America. They awarded a contract to Eli Whitney—the inventor of the cotton gin—to supply the government with 20,000 muskets. Whitney recognized the potential of developing firearms with identical parts and mechanisms. His advancements in interchangeable parts laid the foundation for modern manufacturing, enabling improved quality control, reduced costs, and faster production of goods.

6

The assembly line

Image: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

For most of human history, manufactured goods were custom-made. Every model of a machine, piece of clothing, or tool was unique. The development of interchangeable parts was a huge advancement, but automobile manufacturer Ransom Olds took it a step further with the assembly line in 1901. By standardizing and automating many aspects of manufacturing, uniform goods could be created faster and at lower costs.

Olds’ vehicle, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, became the first mass-produced car . His method was later adopted and perfected by Henry Ford, whose moving assembly line for the Model T in 1913 revolutionized manufacturing. Today, the assembly line combines human labor and automation to produce nearly every mass-market product on Earth. Many experts agree it was one of the most significant technological developments of the 20th century.

7

The airplane

Image: Wright Brothers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

People have always observed birds and insects and dreamed of flying. The Greeks told the story of Icarus and Daedalus, who crafted wings of wax and feathers; Leonardo da Vinci sketched and theorized flying machines, but it wasn’t until 1903 that the airplane became a reality in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Wilbur and Orville Wright experimented with aeronautics for several years before achieving their successful first flight. A few years later, airplanes were first used in warfare. Within seven decades, their technology evolved and took us to the Moon. Today, the airplane is an indispensable technology that allows us to transport goods and people around the world in no time.

8

GPS

Image: Stanislav Kondratiev

It’s hard to imagine life without GPS—but do you know how it began? When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, American physicists realized they could track the satellite’s radio transmissions using the Doppler effect.

Soon after, the U.S. military began testing and launching the Navstar Global Positioning System satellites. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan approved GPS for civilian use, and by the start of the 21st century, GPS devices were widely available in vehicles and mobile phones . Today, GPS is an essential technology for business, travel, and military operations.

9

Personal computers

Image: Unidentified U.S. Army photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The first electronic general-purpose computer, ENIAC, was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It occupied 1,800 square feet of floor space and weighed 30 tons. At the time, imagining a consumer-grade computer small enough to fit in every home would have seemed impossible. Yet, just one generation later, the impossible became reality.

Over the years, computers became smaller, cheaper, and more powerful than the ENIAC’s creators could have imagined. In 1971, John Blankenbaker developed the first PC, the Kenbak-1. Fifty years later, it is clear that personal computing has fundamentally shaped the modern world.

10

The internet

Image: Lorenzo Herrera

Revolutionary technologies such as the wheel, the internal combustion engine, the telephone, and the airplane have forever changed the way we travel and communicate. The internet is no exception; it gives people access to the entirety of human existence with just a few clicks.

In 1969, computer scientists at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created the first network connecting labs at UCLA and Stanford. Over time, their network expanded, connecting anyone with a device. Since then, the internet has revolutionized the way human beings access resources and share information.

11

E-mail

Image: Brett Jordan

After the personal computer and the Internet, we only needed to invent a modern method of sending messages and letters to each other. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, known as ARPANET, sent the first email in 1971. Within five years, the majority of exchanges within the ARPANET community were via email.

With the introduction of attachments in the early 1990s, electronic mail became the fastest and easiest way to send information from point to point. By the start of the 21st century, email enabled people around the world to communicate quickly and inexpensively, and the technology quickly became one of the primary tools for global communications.

12

Magnetic resonance imaging

Image: MART PRODUCTION

The impact of the MRI machine on medicine is invaluable. The principles behind nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been known since at least the end of World War II. Yet, two researchers in the late 1960s and early 1970s recognized the potential of this technology to revolutionize medicine forever.

American chemist Paul Lauterbur and physician Raymond Damadian separately experimented with NMR in scanning for cancer cells. After publishing the promising results of their experiments, a patent was filed. By 1977, the first full-body scanner was developed. Since then, millions of lives have been saved by the MRI machine. For his contributions, Lauterbur was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003.