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United States flag

For years, Americans loved telling the story of Robert G. Heft , the Ohio high school student who supposedly designed the modern 50-star flag as part of a class project in 1958. According to the tale, his teacher gave him a B minus, only to change it after President Dwight Eisenhower selected his design for the nation.

But real history turned out to be more complex. When Alaska and Hawaii officially joined the U.S. in 1959, the government received roughly 1,500 proposals for a new flag. In 2022, writer Alec Nevala-Lee dug deeper into the records and found that the final version was actually credited to the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, not a teenager from Ohio. The current version first flew in 1960 and has now lasted longer than any other American flag design. Those 13 stripes still honor the original colonies, while the 50 stars honor the states.

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National anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"

You’ve probably sung it hundreds of times, but did you know that "The Star-Spangled Banner" didn’t begin as a song? Our national anthem started as a poem written during one of the most dramatic moments in early American history.

In September 1814, lawyer Francis Scott Key watched from a ship as British forces bombarded Fort McHenry near Baltimore, Maryland. The darkness was heavy, but at dawn, Key spotted the American flag still waving over the fort. That moment inspired him to write a poem called "Defence of Fort M’Henry," and the melody that kept matching in his head for the poem was borrowed from an old British drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven," from 1775. Ironic, considering the circumstances. The song became widely popular across the country, but it became the official national anthem in 1931, under Hoover’s presidency.

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Pledge of Allegiance

For generations of Americans, the school day began the same: standing by a desk, hand over heart, facing the flag. But the Pledge of Allegiance has changed since it was first written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy for a nationwide Columbus Day Celebration.

The original version didn’t even mention the U.S. by name. Children simply said, "I pledge allegiance to my flag." Years later, in 1923, the words were changed so that every school kid, native or immigrant, would think of "the flag of the United States of America" when reciting it.

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National bird: bald eagle

The first relevant appearance of the bald eagle wasn’t as the national bird; it was in the design of the Great Seal. This was in 1782, when the first committee appointed to design the task suggested this bird. The committee was formed by John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin, who was the only one who thought of the bald eagle as a bird of "bad moral character." Jefferson and Adams, instead, thought the bald eagle represented strength and independence, which seemed perfect for a young country trying to stand on their own. Moreover, the bird was unique to North America at the time, which made it feel distinctly American.

While it has appeared on the Great Seal, currency, and documents since that year, it was only in 2024 when it was designated as the national bird by an Act of Congress under Biden’s administration.

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National motto: "In God We Trust"

Many Americans assume that E pluribus unum is still our national motto, but in 1956, that changed. The modern motto "In God We Trust" first appeared during one of the country’s darkest moments.

In 1864, as the Civil War tore the nation apart, several religious leaders urged President Lincoln to recognize God on American currency. Many believe the nation needed a symbol of faith and stability during such uncertain times. That same year, the motto appeared for the first time on a two-cent coin. But it was during the Cold War in the 1950s that the words took on new importance and officially became the national motto in 1956 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the law.

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Great Seal of the United States

The seal is printed on passports, official government documents, and even the back of the one-dollar bill. It features a complex design, and every detail on it means something.

The story of the Great Seal begins on the 4th of July, 1776, when the Continental Congress recognized that the new nation needed a seal to sign official documents. But that was just the beginning. Six years and three committees later, in 1782, Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, designed the seal we know today. The olive branch and the arrows held in the eagle’s talons denote the power of peace and war. The eagle faces the olive branch, but gazes toward the arrows, meaning it’s ready to defend. The 13 stars honor the colonies, and the escutcheon represents the eagle’s courage, along with the motto E pluribus unum, which was the official motto at the time.

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National march: "The Stars and Stripes Forever"

Today, no Independence Day is complete without the bass of "The Stars and Stripes Forever," but its origin goes back to 1896. The national march began during a difficult trip across the Atlantic.

In 1896, composer John Philip Sousa was traveling home from Europe after learning that his close friend and business partner, David Blakely, had suddenly died. As Sousa paced the deck of a ship, a melody kept playing in his mind. By the time the ship reached New York, the entire march had taken shape. Inspired by the American flag waving as he returned home, Sousa later added the title we know today. But it was on December 10, 1987, that the march was named the "Official March of the United States of America" under Reagan’s administration.

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National mammal: American bison

Long before highways crossed the country, bison herds thundered across the American grasslands from Texas all the way to Canada. But in the late 1800s, hunters began massively exterminating them to the point of extinction. Oddly enough, that’s when Americans began paying attention to them. Bison started appearing everywhere: on state flags like Wyoming’s, official seals, coins, and giant statues in cities across the country.

President Roosevelt became a big defender and helped create the American Bison Society in 1905 to protect the remaining herds. More than a century later, in 2016, Congress officially named the bison the national mammal of the U.S. and, today, more than 400.000 bison once again roam American grasslands.

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National floral emblem: rose

Roses have been part of American life for generations. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed Proclamation 5574, declaring the rose the national floral emblem of the United States. This choice was highly practical since roses are grown in all fifty states and have been cultivated in American gardens since the nation’s inception. Reagan noted that Americans have long used the rose to "speak the language of the heart," making it a fitting symbol for the country.

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National tree: The Mighty Oak Tree

The oak tree didn’t become America’s national tree through congressional debate alone. In 2004, the National Arbor Day Foundation opened the decision to the public, and Americans of all ages cast votes for their favorite tree over four months. From the start, t he mighty oak was the frontrunner, earning more than 101,000 votes and beating out redwoods, maples, and pines.

The choice came from the symbolism behind it. Oaks are some of the most widespread trees in the country, with more than 60 species stretching across the states. Besides, it carries roots in American history: The USS Constitution earned the nickname "Old Ironsides" because its oak hull was strong enough to repel British cannonballs during battle. Strong, enduring, the oak was a perfect match.

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"No one ever escaped alive"

Image: Kelly

Alcatraz loved to sell itself as inescapable. According to official records, no inmate ever made it off the island alive . But the fine print matters…

Five men were not listed as dead, only as "missing and presumed drowned." No bodies were ever recovered… But, considering the cold, fast-moving waters of San Francisco Bay, drowning was a plausible explanation.

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A 1962 escape still haunts the FBI

Image: Line Knipst

For example, there’s this one story. In June 1962, Frank Morris and brothers John and Clarence Anglin vanished from their cells. They left behind dummy heads made of soap, toothpaste, and toilet paper . Using spoons, they had widened ventilation holes and built a raft from raincoats.

The FBI closed the case in 1979, concluding they drowned. But decades later, new evidence and family testimony reopened the question: What if they didn’t? No bodies were ever found.

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It was not the harshest prison in America

Image: Klemens Köpfle

Despite its fearsome reputation, Alcatraz was not physically brutal by prison standards of the 1930s. Inmates had single cells, decent sanitation, and regular hot meals, which was not common at the time. In fact, after transfers to other prisons, some inmates requested to return.

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Prisoners ate shockingly well

Image: Grant Durr

Alcatraz did not believe in hunger as punishment. As mentioned, inmates were served hot breakfasts, fresh bread, meat, and even desserts. The logic was simple: well-fed prisoners were calmer prisoners.

During the Great Depression, some inmates ate better on the Rock than they had on the outside.

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Al Capone was just another prisoner

Image: Sindre Fjerdingby

Al Capone might have arrived at Alcatraz expecting influence, but he found none there. Stripped of his power, he became inmate number 85, assigned to cleaning duty.

He received no special treatment and no protection from other inmates. His mob connections meant nothing behind those walls. All of this proves that Alcatraz was designed to erase reputations.

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There was music

Image: Clément Falize

Did you know that Alcatraz had music? Inmates were allowed instruments , and a small prison band rehearsed regularly. There are records of even Al Capone participating in its band.

Legend has it that on quiet evenings, the sound carried across the water to San Francisco. But that may be only local lore.

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"The Hole" was a real nightmare

Image: Vanessa Werder

Solitary confinement at Alcatraz was called D Block, but inmates knew it as "the Hole." Prisoners were kept in near darkness and silence for days or weeks.

There, meals were restricted, sometimes to bread and water. Inmates came to fear the Hole, as it meant no talking, no reading, no escape from your thoughts, and no sense of time.

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Nearby sharks were not a threat

Image: Rodrigo Soares

Hollywood seems to love the idea of man-eating sharks circling Alcatraz. But, in reality, the bay’s sharks are small and harmless to humans.

What truly made escape deadly was the near-freezing water and violent tidal currents . Temperatures could drop below 55°F, which would cause rapid muscle failure.

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Not all inmates were America’s worst criminals

Image: Rita Morais

Alcatraz housed famous gangsters, but many inmates were sent there for different reasons. Some were transferred simply for disciplinary issues, breaking rules, or attempting escape elsewhere.

The figure of the island was a control tool, not just a punishment for violent crime. The threat of being sent to the island seemed to keep other prisons in line.

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Families lived next to the cells

Image: Liberty Jay

Guards lived on the island with their wives and children . So, you could say that Alcatraz was a whole neighborhood. Kids played baseball, rode bikes, and attended school by ferry.

There were birthday parties and movie nights, because normal life unfolded just steps away from locked cells.

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Alcatraz closed because it was too expensive

Image: Malcolm Hill

The prison shut down in 1963 because it was financially unsustainable . Everything from fresh water to fuel had to be shipped by boat. Plus, salt air corroded buildings constantly, driving maintenance costs sky-high.

1

The Simpsons

The Simpsons , created by Matt Groening, premiered on Fox in 1989, starring a new family that defied conventional, picture-perfect TV norms.

Instead, an imperfect and dysfunctional family appeared — and because of that, they were relatable in profoundly new ways . The Simpsons was also a pioneer in adult animation, allowing children to follow the story while including complex political and social satire for adults. It not only coined permanent catchphrases but also had a surprising ability to predict world events.

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The Sopranos

The Sopranos, created by David Chase, debuted on HBO in 1999. It followed the life of Tony Soprano (played by the late James Gandolfini) and his struggles as a mobster and the patriarch of his dysfunctional suburban family , all analyzed by his psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi (Lorraine Bracco).

This show was radical because, unlike previous protagonists, the central figure Tony was deeply flawed and often unlikable, paving the way for more anti-hero protagonists like Walter White and Don Draper. Alongside its complex and ambiguous morality, the cinematography of the show began to rival that of Hollywood movies.

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Lost

Lost , created by J.J. Abrams, Damon Lindelof, and Jeffrey Lieber, premiered on ABC in 2004, before streaming existed. The story follows the crash of Oceanic Flight 815 on a very peculiar tropical island. It kicked off as a gritty and character-driven survival story that eventually evolved into a sci-fi and mythological epic.

It was revolutionary because it introduced the "mystery box" trope, proposing complex questions and dropping clues that kept viewers hooked and constantly theorizing — arguably inventing modern, interactive TV fandom.

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Sex and the City

Created by Darren Starr, Sex and the City, which premiered in 1998 on HBO, changed the cultural narrative around women’s roles through the lives of four female friends (led by Sarah Jessica Parker’s Carrie Bradshaw) living and working in New York City.

It was the first mainstream hit that featured women talking frankly about sex and sexuality — and proposed that female friends can be soulmates, and that those relationships can take precedence over romantic, marital ones. Rejecting outdated "traditional" roles, the show also destigmatized being single and childless, and instead embraced female financial independence, celebrating women who focused on their careers and personal development in their 30s and 40s.

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CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

CSI, created by Anthony E. Zuiker and which premiered on CBS in 2000, followed the lives and work of a team from the Las Vegas Police Department (LVPD), led by Dr. Gil Grissom (William Petersen), who meticulously collected evidence to solve cases.

It shifted the focus for the first time from police and detective work on the streets to the indoor, behind-the-scenes dynamics of interrogations, forensics, and high-tech lab analysis. It also popularized the concept of "nerd squad", making lab and microscope analysis cool for the first time .

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The X-Files

The X-Files, created by Chris Carter, premiered in 1993, and introduced a structure where each episode was a stand-alone story known as a "monster of the week," while also being part of an overarching mythic story that included government alien conspiracy theories and supernatural events.

This show flipped gender roles completely: the main female character, Agent Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), was the intelligent and assertive medical doctor (inspiring many women at the time to pursue STEM careers), and the lead male character, Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), was the intuitive and instinct-driven character.

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Breaking Bad

Breaking Bad, created by Vince Gilligan, premiered in 2008 and is considered by many to be the ultimate catalyst that transformed television into a cinematic experience, elevated serialized storytelling, and, once it became available on Netflix, popularized the binge-watching model so common today .

Another crucial aspect was the main character: Walter White (Bryan Cranston) changed from a sympathetic, cancer-stricken high school chemistry teacher to the ultimate drug lord villain. Before this show, characters rarely evolved; instead, here the audience became especially invested in Mr. White’s persona.

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Mad Men

Mad Men , created by Matthew Weiner and airing on AMC from 2007 to 2015, centered on the professional and personal lives of advertising executives, including protagonist Don Draper (Jon Hamm), on Madison Avenue in New York City in the 1960s. It was the first basic cable series to win an Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series .

It revolutionized television at the time by proving that a sophisticated, slow-burning script with literary character development (including some of the best-written dialogue on television ever) could work. The show was also committed to historical accuracy and meticulous set design, raising the bar for visual and thematic storytelling.

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Law & Order

Law & Order, created by Dick Wolf, premiered on NBC in 1990, flipping the usual crime drama formula on its head — splitting episodes into a two-part structure, presenting a police investigation, followed by a courtroom prosecution .

Therefore, it prioritized legal procedures over emotional drama, and the cases became the main character, presenting the difficulties and nuances of the criminal justice system, instead of the usual black-and-white representation of justice. With new episodes still airing (following a 2010-2022 hiatus), Law & Order remains one of the most successful series in TV history, launching numerous spinoffs including the popular Law & Order: SVU.

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Grey’s Anatomy

Grey’s Anatomy, created by Shonda Rhimes, aired on TV for the first time in 2005 and became the longest-running American primetime medical series ever. It centers on a hospital in Seattle and follows surgical residents as they become surgeons, while balancing intense life-and-death emergencies with complex personal life stories .

Most notably, the series created what was described as "Grey’s Effects": the approach to joyful and defiant female sexuality and to women unapologetically taking up space in a male-dominated professional field; it even shaped medical school applications and improved the public's understanding of real-world health issues.

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The Wire

The Wire was created by former police reporter David Simon and detective Ed Burns, and is considered by many to be one of the greatest shows ever made , airing on HBO from 2002 to 2008. It is a drama series that analyzes the systemic issues Baltimore faces, examining a different institution in each of its five seasons.

Originally pitched as the "anti-cop show," it showed police departments slowed down by piles of bureaucracy, where chasing arrests became more important than actually solving crimes or improving lives. In addition, the city was the main character, portrayed as a gray, morally complex world.